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Probabilistic Bit (P-Bit) device serves as the core hardware for implementing Ising computation. However, the severe intrinsic variations of stochastic P-Bit devices hinder the large-scale expansion of the P-Bit array, significantly…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-10-23 Bolin Zhang , Yu Liu , Tianqi Gao , Jialiang Yin , Zhenyu Guan , Deming Zhang , Lang Zeng

On-chip analog Ising Machines (IMs) are a promising means to solve difficult combinatorial optimization problems. For scalable on-chip realizations to be practical, 1) the problem should map scalably to Ising form, 2) interconnectivity…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Thomas Jagielski , Rajit Manohar , Jaijeet Roychowdhury

Combinatorial optimization problems in logistics, finance, energy, and scheduling routinely involve multi-state decision variables. Ising machines (IMs) require binary expansions (e.g., one-hot encoding) to encode such variables, whereas…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-12 Bjarke Almer Frederiksen , Robbe De Prins , Peter Bienstman

Probabilistic computers built from p-bits offer a promising path for combinatorial optimization, but the dense connectivity required by real-world problems scales poorly in hardware. Here, we address this through graph sparsification with…

Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) is one of the most widely used modeling techniques for combinatorial optimization problems. In many applications, a similar MIP model is solved on a regular basis, maintaining remarkable similarities in model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Jian-Ya Ding , Chao Zhang , Lei Shen , Shengyin Li , Bing Wang , Yinghui Xu , Le Song

We provide Ising formulations for many NP-complete and NP-hard problems, including all of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems. This collects and extends mappings to the Ising model from partitioning, covering and satisfiability. In each case,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-01-28 Andrew Lucas

Many combinatorial optimization problems can be reformulated as finding the ground state of the Ising model. Existing Ising solvers are mostly inspired by simulated annealing. Although annealing techniques offer scalability, they lack…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Debraj Banerjee , Santanu Mahapatra , Kunal Narayan Chaudhury

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are a powerful class of numerical solvers for partial differential equations, employing deep neural networks with successful applications across a diverse set of problems. However, their…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-04-18 Tianhao Hu , Bangti Jin , Zhi Zhou

We contribute to the mathematical theory of the design of low temperature Ising machines, a type of experimental probabilistic computing device implementing the Ising model. Encoding the output of a function in the ground state of a…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Andrew G. Moore , Zachary Richey , Isaac K. Martin

In combinatorial optimization, probabilistic Ising machines (PIMs) have gained significant attention for their acceleration of Monte Carlo sampling with the potential to reduce time-to-solution in finding approximate ground states. However,…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-06-18 Shuhan Yang , Andrea Grimaldi , Youwei Bao , Eleonora Raimondo , Jia Si , Giovanni Finocchio , Hyunsoo Yang

Probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) are expressive means for creating and reasoning about probabilistic models. Unfortunately hybrid probabilistic programs, involving both continuous and discrete structures, are not well supported by…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Poorva Garg , Steven Holtzen , Guy Van den Broeck , Todd Millstein

Ising machines are next-generation computers expected to efficiently sample near-optimal solutions of combinatorial optimization problems. Combinatorial optimization problems are modeled as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Kentaro Ohno , Nozomu Togawa

Ising machines are hardware solvers which aim to find the absolute or approximate ground states of the Ising model. The Ising model is of fundamental computational interest because it is possible to formulate any problem in the complexity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-04 Naeimeh Mohseni , Peter L. McMahon , Tim Byrnes

Interest in non-algorithmic, unconventional computing is rising in recent years due to more and more apparent short comings of classic stored-program digital computers, such as energy efficiency, degree of parallelism in computations, clock…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Shrish Roy , Bernd Ulmann

Sampling Boltzmann probability distributions plays a key role in machine learning and optimization, motivating the design of hardware accelerators such as Ising machines. While the Ising model can in principle encode arbitrary optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Corentin Delacour , M Mahmudul Hasan Sajeeb , Joao P. Hespanha , Kerem Y. Camsari

We consider integer programming problems with bounded general-integer variables belonging to the general class of network flow problems. For those, we computationally investigate the effect on mixed-integer linear programming (MIP) solvers…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-09 Pierre Bonami , Sanjeeb Dash , Anton Derkach , Andrea Lodi

Integer programming (IP) is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem that is widely used to represent a diverse set of real-world problems spanning multiple fields, such as finance, engineering, logistics, and operations research. It…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-20 Kapil Goswami , Peter Schmelcher , Rick Mukherjee

This paper surveys the trend of leveraging machine learning to solve mixed integer programming (MIP) problems. Theoretically, MIP is an NP-hard problem, and most of the combinatorial optimization (CO) problems can be formulated as the MIP.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Jiayi Zhang , Chang Liu , Junchi Yan , Xijun Li , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan

This paper presents a coupled ring oscillator based Potts ma chine to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems (COPs). Potts model is a generalization of the Ising model, cap turing multivalued spins in contrast to the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yilmaz Ege Gonul , Baris Taskin

In recent years, quantum Ising machines have drawn a lot of attention, but due to physical implementation constraints, it has been difficult to achieve dense coupling, such as full coupling with sufficient spins to handle practical…