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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in settings where the available context is incomplete or degraded. We argue that an LLM generating answers under incomplete context can be viewed as an implicit imputer, and evaluated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-14 Stef van Buuren

Detecting whether an LLM hallucinates is an important research challenge. One promising way of doing so is to estimate the semantic entropy (Farquhar et al., 2024) of the distribution of generated sequences. We propose a new algorithm for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Kamil Ciosek , Nicolò Felicioni , Sina Ghiassian

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to hallucination with non-factual or unfaithful statements, which undermines the applications in real-world scenarios. Recent researches focus on uncertainty-based hallucination detection, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Kedi Chen , Qin Chen , Jie Zhou , Xinqi Tao , Bowen Ding , Jingwen Xie , Mingchen Xie , Peilong Li , Feng Zheng , Liang He

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in safety-critical domains, yet remain susceptible to hallucinations. While prior works have proposed confidence representation methods for hallucination detection, most of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Elyes Hajji , Aymen Bouguerra , Fabio Arnez

Large language models (LLMs) often generate plausible yet incorrect answers, posing risks in safety-critical settings such as medicine. Human evaluation is expensive, and LLM-as-judge approaches risk introducing hidden errors. Recent…

Large language models (LLMs) can suffer from hallucinations when generating text. These hallucinations impede various applications in society and industry by making LLMs untrustworthy. Current LLMs generate text in an autoregressive fashion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Lukas Aichberger , Kajetan Schweighofer , Mykyta Ielanskyi , Sepp Hochreiter

We explore uncertainty quantification in large language models (LLMs), with the goal to identify when uncertainty in responses given a query is large. We simultaneously consider both epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties, where the former…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Yasin Abbasi Yadkori , Ilja Kuzborskij , András György , Csaba Szepesvári

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks. However, the truthfulness of their outputs is not guaranteed, and their tendency toward overconfidence further limits reliability. Uncertainty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Qi Cao , Andrew Gambardella , Takeshi Kojima , Yutaka Matsuo , Yusuke Iwasawa

Large language models (LLMs) are notorious for hallucinating, i.e., producing erroneous claims in their output. Such hallucinations can be dangerous, as occasional factual inaccuracies in the generated text might be obscured by the rest of…

The remarkable performance of large language models (LLMs) in content generation, coding, and common-sense reasoning has spurred widespread integration into many facets of society. However, integration of LLMs raises valid questions on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ola Shorinwa , Zhiting Mei , Justin Lidard , Allen Z. Ren , Anirudha Majumdar

Step-by-step decision planning with large language models (LLMs) is gaining attention in AI agent development. This paper focuses on decision planning with uncertainty estimation to address the hallucination problem in language models.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai , Walter Talbott , Jian Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong performance across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks but remain vulnerable to hallucinations, generating factually incorrect or misleading outputs. Uncertainty estimation, often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Manh Nguyen , Sunil Gupta , Hung Le

Uncertainty estimation is crucial for the reliability of safety-critical human and artificial intelligence (AI) interaction systems, particularly in the domain of healthcare engineering. However, a robust and general uncertainty measure for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Zhiyuan Wang , Jinhao Duan , Chenxi Yuan , Qingyu Chen , Tianlong Chen , Yue Zhang , Ren Wang , Xiaoshuang Shi , Kaidi Xu

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in various natural language processing tasks, yet they remain prone to generating factually incorrect outputs known as hallucinations. While recent approaches have shown promise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Qiyao Sun , Xingming Li , Xixiang He , Ao Cheng , Xuanyu Ji , Hailun Lu , Runke Huang , Qingyong Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer from hallucination problems, which hinder their reliability in sensitive applications. In the black-box setting, several self-consistency-based techniques have been proposed for hallucination detection.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yihao Xue , Kristjan Greenewald , Youssef Mroueh , Baharan Mirzasoleiman

Large language models (LLMs) specializing in natural language generation (NLG) have recently started exhibiting promising capabilities across a variety of domains. However, gauging the trustworthiness of responses generated by LLMs remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Zhen Lin , Shubhendu Trivedi , Jimeng Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of natural language processing with their impressive reasoning and question-answering capabilities. However, these models are sometimes prone to generating credible-sounding but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ranganath Krishnan , Piyush Khanna , Omesh Tickoo

An interesting behavior in large language models (LLMs) is prompt sensitivity. When provided with different but semantically equivalent versions of the same prompt, models may produce very different distributions of answers. This suggests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Kyle Cox , Jiawei Xu , Yikun Han , Rong Xu , Tianhao Li , Chi-Yang Hsu , Tianlong Chen , Walter Gerych , Ying Ding

Identification of hallucination spans in black-box language model generated text is essential for applications in the real world. A recent attempt at this direction is SemEval-2025 Task 3, Mu-SHROOM-a Multilingual Shared Task on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Saketh Reddy Vemula , Parameswari Krishnamurthy

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant popularity for their impressive performance across diverse fields. However, LLMs are prone to hallucinate untruthful or nonsensical outputs that fail to meet user expectations in many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Tianhang Zhang , Lin Qiu , Qipeng Guo , Cheng Deng , Yue Zhang , Zheng Zhang , Chenghu Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Luoyi Fu