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Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly popular in pervasive computing due to their versatility and strong performance. However, despite their ubiquitous use, the exact mechanisms underlying their outstanding performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Alhassan Abdelhalim , Janick Edinger , Sören Laue , Michaela Regneri

Large language models (LLMs) have proven to be very capable, but access to frontier models currently relies on inference providers. This introduces trust challenges: how can we be sure that the provider is using the model configuration they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jack Min Ong , Matthew Di Ferrante , Aaron Pazdera , Ryan Garner , Sami Jaghouar , Manveer Basra , Max Ryabinin , Johannes Hagemann

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant advances in natural language processing, but their underlying mechanisms are often misunderstood. Despite exhibiting coherent answers and apparent reasoning behaviors, LLMs rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Bo Zhou , Daniel Geißler , Paul Lukowicz

The rapid integration of large language models (LLMs) into everyday workflows has transformed how individuals perform cognitive tasks such as writing, programming, analysis, and multilingual communication. While prior research has focused…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Hyunwoo Kim , Harin Yu , Hanau Yi

Hidden LLM prompts have appeared in online documents with increasing frequency. Their goal is to trigger indirect prompt injection attacks while remaining undetected from human oversight, to manipulate LLM-powered automated document…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Toby Murray

Large language models (LLMs) often generate responses that deviate from user input or training data, a phenomenon known as "hallucination." These hallucinations undermine user trust and hinder the adoption of generative AI systems.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Yejin Bang , Ziwei Ji , Alan Schelten , Anthony Hartshorn , Tara Fowler , Cheng Zhang , Nicola Cancedda , Pascale Fung

Recent empirical results have sparked a debate about whether or not Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of Theory of Mind (ToM). While some have found LLMs to be successful on ToM evaluations such as the False Belief task, others have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zhiqiang Pi , Annapurna Vadaparty , Benjamin K. Bergen , Cameron R. Jones

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in newsroom workflows, but their tendency to hallucinate poses risks to core journalistic practices of sourcing, attribution, and accuracy. We evaluate three widely used tools - ChatGPT,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Nick Hagar , Wilma Agustianto , Nicholas Diakopoulos

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, yet their propensity for hallucination, generating plausible but factually incorrect or fabricated content, remains a critical challenge. This report provides a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Manuel Cossio

Recent advances in training large language models (LLMs) using massive amounts of solely textual data lead to strong generalization across many domains and tasks, including document-specific tasks. Opposed to that there is a trend to train…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Marcel Lamott , Yves-Noel Weweler , Adrian Ulges , Faisal Shafait , Dirk Krechel , Darko Obradovic

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become dominant in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) field causing a huge surge in progress in a short amount of time. However, their limitations are still a mystery and have primarily been explored…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Nathan Cooper , Torsten Scholak

Textual Large Language Models (LLMs) provide a simple and familiar interface: a string of text is used for both input and output. However, the information conveyed to an LLM often has a richer structure and semantics, which is not conveyed…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Michael Hind , Basel Shbita , Bo Wu , Farhan Ahmed , Chad DeLuca , Nathan Fulton , David Cox , Dan Gutfreund

Large language models (LLMs) can increase users' perceived trust by verbalizing confidence in their outputs. However, prior work has shown that LLMs are often overconfident, making their stated confidence unreliable since it does not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yuxi Xia , Loris Schoenegger , Benjamin Roth

While large language models (LLMs) are extensively used, there are raising concerns regarding privacy, security, and copyright due to their opaque training data, which brings the problem of detecting pre-training data on the table. Current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Anqi Zhang , Chaofeng Wu

Large language models (LLMs) show early signs of artificial general intelligence but struggle with hallucinations. One promising solution to mitigate these hallucinations is to store external knowledge as embeddings, aiding LLMs in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Zhihao Zhu , Ninglu Shao , Defu Lian , Chenwang Wu , Zheng Liu , Yi Yang , Enhong Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being integrated into the scientific peer-review process, raising new questions about their reliability and resilience to manipulation. In this work, we investigate the potential for hidden…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Matteo Gioele Collu , Umberto Salviati , Roberto Confalonieri , Mauro Conti , Giovanni Apruzzese

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated strong emergent abilities in complex reasoning and zero-shot generalization, showing unprecedented potential for LLM-as-a-judge applications in education, peer review, and data quality…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Xuyang Guo , Zekai Huang , Zhao Song , Jiahao Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant popularity for their impressive performance across diverse fields. However, LLMs are prone to hallucinate untruthful or nonsensical outputs that fail to meet user expectations in many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Tianhang Zhang , Lin Qiu , Qipeng Guo , Cheng Deng , Yue Zhang , Zheng Zhang , Chenghu Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Luoyi Fu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing (NLP) by enabling robust text generation and understanding. However, their deployment in sensitive domains like healthcare, finance, and legal services raises…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Georgios Feretzakis , Vassilios S. Verykios

High-privilege LLM agents that autonomously process external documentation are increasingly trusted to automate tasks by reading and executing project instructions, yet they are granted terminal access, filesystem control, and outbound…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ching-Yu Kao , Xinfeng Li , Shenyu Dai , Tianze Qiu , Pengcheng Zhou , Eric Hanchen Jiang , Philip Sperl
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