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Code understanding is a foundational capability in software engineering tools and developer workflows. However, most existing systems are designed for English-speaking users interacting via keyboards, which limits accessibility in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jayant Havare , Ashish Mittal , Srikanth Tamilselvam , Ganesh Ramakrishnan

Intra-sentential code-switching (CS) refers to the alternation between languages that happens within a single utterance and is a significant challenge for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. For example, when a Vietnamese speaker…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 The Chuong Chu , Vu Tuan Dat Pham , Kien Dao , Hoang Nguyen , Quoc Hung Truong

Code-switching, or alternating between languages within a single conversation, presents challenges for multilingual language models on NLP tasks. This research investigates if pre-training Multilingual BERT (mBERT) on code-switched datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Katherine Xie , Nitya Babbar , Vicky Chen , Yoanna Turura

Large Language Models (LLMs) have impressive multilingual capabilities, but they suffer from unexpected code-switching, also known as language mixing, which involves switching to unexpected languages in the model response. This problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Boyi Deng , Yu Wan , Baosong Yang , Fei Huang , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng

Codeswitching has become one of the most common occurrences across multilingual speakers of the world, especially in countries like India which encompasses around 23 official languages with the number of bilingual speakers being around 300…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Dhruval Jain , Arun D Prabhu , Shubham Vatsal , Gopi Ramena , Naresh Purre

Despite the significant progress in end-to-end (E2E) automatic speech recognition (ASR), E2E ASR for low resourced code-switching (CS) speech has not been well studied. In this work, we describe an E2E ASR pipeline for the recognition of CS…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Xianghu Yue , Grandee Lee , Emre Yılmaz , Fang Deng , Haizhou Li

As large language models (LLMs) have advanced rapidly, concerns regarding their safety have become prominent. In this paper, we discover that code-switching in red-teaming queries can effectively elicit undesirable behaviors of LLMs, which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Haneul Yoo , Yongjin Yang , Hwaran Lee

Code-switching is a speech phenomenon occurring when a speaker switches language during a conversation. Despite the spontaneous nature of code-switching in conversational spoken language, most existing works collect code-switching data from…

We introduce a new zero resource code-switched speech benchmark designed to directly assess the code-switching capabilities of self-supervised speech encoders. We showcase a baseline system of language modeling on discrete units to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-19 Kuan-Po Huang , Chih-Kai Yang , Yu-Kuan Fu , Ewan Dunbar , Hung-yi Lee

Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) plays a crucial role in speech-centric multimedia applications, enabling machines to comprehend spoken language in scenarios such as meetings, interviews, and customer service interactions. SLU…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-18 Zhichao Sheng , Shilin Zhou , Chen Gong , Zhenghua Li

Accurate alignment between languages is fundamental for improving cross-lingual pre-trained language models (XLMs). Motivated by the natural phenomenon of code-switching (CS) in multilingual speakers, CS has been used as an effective data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Chenxi Whitehouse , Fenia Christopoulou , Ignacio Iacobacci

Significant performance degradation of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems is observed when the audio signal contains cross-talk. One of the recently proposed approaches to solve the problem of multi-speaker ASR is the deep…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-09-26 Tobias Menne , Ilya Sklyar , Ralf Schlüter , Hermann Ney

We study training a single acoustic model for multiple languages with the aim of improving automatic speech recognition (ASR) performance on low-resource languages, and over-all simplifying deployment of ASR systems that support diverse…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-09 Vineel Pratap , Anuroop Sriram , Paden Tomasello , Awni Hannun , Vitaliy Liptchinsky , Gabriel Synnaeve , Ronan Collobert

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown potential in speech generation and recognition, their applications are mainly confined to monolingual scenarios, with limited explorations in code-switched (CS) contexts. In this paper, we…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-25 Jing Xu , Daxin Tan , Jiaqi Wang , Xiao Chen

Code switching (CS) is a very common phenomenon in written and spoken communication but one that is handled poorly by many natural language processing applications. Looking to the application of building CS corpora, we explore CS language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Laurie Burchell , Alexandra Birch , Robert P. Thompson , Kenneth Heafield

Expanding the language coverage of speech technology has the potential to improve access to information for many more people. However, current speech technology is restricted to about one hundred languages which is a small fraction of the…

Multilingual speech recognition for both monolingual and code-switching speech is a challenging task. Recently, based on the Mixture of Experts (MoE), many works have made good progress in multilingual and code-switching ASR, but present…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Wenxuan Wang , Guodong Ma , Yuke Li , Binbin Du

This paper introduces a new corpus of Mandarin-English code-switching speech recognition--TALCS corpus, suitable for training and evaluating code-switching speech recognition systems. TALCS corpus is derived from real online one-to-one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Chengfei Li , Shuhao Deng , Yaoping Wang , Guangjing Wang , Yaguang Gong , Changbin Chen , Jinfeng Bai

Code-switching is a common communication phenomenon where individuals alternate between two or more languages or linguistic styles within a single conversation. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder posing challenges in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-07 Mohd Mujtaba Akhtar , Girish , Orchid Chetia Phukan , Muskaan Singh

While speech large language models (SpeechLLMs) have advanced standard automatic speech recognition (ASR), contextual biasing for named entities and rare words remains challenging, especially at scale. To address this, we propose BR-ASR: a…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Xun Gong , Anqi Lv , Zhiming Wang , Huijia Zhu , Yanmin Qian