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This study investigates whether repeating questions within prompts influences the performance of large language models (LLMs). We hypothesize that reiterating a question within a single prompt might enhance the model's focus on key elements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Sagi Shaier , Mario Sanz-Guerrero , Katharina von der Wense

Scaling laws have transformed our understanding of large language models by linking upstream metrics like cross-entropy loss to design factors such as model size, training data, and compute. However, these conventional laws fail to capture…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Kyle Montgomery , David Park , Jianhong Tu , Michael Bendersky , Beliz Gunel , Dawn Song , Chenguang Wang

As large language models (LLMs) are adopted in an increasingly wide range of applications, user-model interactions have grown in both frequency and scale. Consequently, research has focused on evaluating the robustness of LLMs, an essential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Jiahang He , Rishi Ramachandran , Neel Ramachandran , Aryan Katakam , Kevin Zhu , Sunishchal Dev , Ashwinee Panda , Aryan Shrivastava

Recent developments in text classification using Large Language Models (LLMs) in the social sciences suggest that costs can be cut significantly, while performance can sometimes rival existing computational methods. However, with a wide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Erkan Gunes , Christoffer Florczak , Tevfik Murat Yildirim

Despite the advancements and impressive performance of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) on benchmarks, their effectiveness in real-world, long-context, and multi-image tasks is unclear due to the benchmarks' limited scope. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Dingjie Song , Shunian Chen , Guiming Hardy Chen , Fei Yu , Xiang Wan , Benyou Wang

Benchmarking modern large language models (LLMs) on complex and realistic tasks is critical to advancing their development. In this work, we evaluate the factual accuracy and citation performance of state-of-the-art LLMs on the task of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Maya Patel , Aditi Anand

Large Language Models (\textbf{LLMs}), e.g. ChatGPT, have been widely adopted in real-world dialogue applications. However, LLMs' robustness, especially in handling long complex dialogue sessions, including frequent motivation transfer,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Chenghao Yang , Yinbo Luo , Zhoufutu Wen , Qi Chu , Tao Gong , Longxiang Liu , Kaiyuan Zhang , Jianpeng Jiao , Ge Zhang , Wenhao Huang , Nenghai Yu

Sensitising language models (LMs) to external context helps them to more effectively capture the speaking patterns of individuals with specific characteristics or in particular environments. This work investigates to what extent rich…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Sebastian Vincent , Alice Dowek , Rowanne Sumner , Charlotte Blundell , Emily Preston , Chris Bayliss , Chris Oakley , Carolina Scarton

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across natural language processing (NLP) tasks. As real-world applications increasingly demand longer context windows, continued pretraining and supervised fine-tuning (SFT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Yingming Zheng , Hanqi Li , Kai Yu , Lu Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly embedded in organizational workflows. This has raised concerns over their energy consumption, financial costs, and data sovereignty. While performance benchmarks often celebrate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jennifer Haase , Finn Klessascheck , Jan Mendling , Sebastian Pokutta

Understanding the internal mechanisms of large language models (LLMs) remains a challenging and complex endeavor. Even fundamental questions, such as how fine-tuning affects model behavior, often require extensive empirical evaluation. In…

Recent claims suggest that large language models (LMs) underperform humans in comprehending minimally complex English statements (Dentella et al., 2024). Here, we revisit those findings and argue that human performance was overestimated,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Adele E Goldberg , Supantho Rakshit , Jennifer Hu , Kyle Mahowald

Whereas the recent emergence of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has exhibited impressive general performance, it still has a large gap with fully-supervised models on specific tasks such as multi-span question answering. Previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Zixian Huang , Jiaying Zhou , Gengyang Xiao , Gong Cheng

Accurately evaluating machine-translated text remains a long-standing challenge, particularly for long documents. Recent work has shown that large language models (LLMs) can serve as reliable and interpretable sentence-level translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Tobias Domhan , Dawei Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) effectiveness is usually evaluated by means of benchmarks such as MMLU, ARC-C, or HellaSwag, where questions are presented in their original wording, thus in a fixed, standardized format. However, real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Riccardo Lunardi , Vincenzo Della Mea , Stefano Mizzaro , Kevin Roitero

Warning: This paper contains examples of stereotypes and biases. Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit considerable social biases, and various studies have tried to evaluate and mitigate these biases accurately. Previous studies use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Rem Hida , Masahiro Kaneko , Naoaki Okazaki

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) makes it important to recognize their strengths and limitations. We argue that in order to develop a holistic understanding of these systems we need to consider the problem that they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 R. Thomas McCoy , Shunyu Yao , Dan Friedman , Matthew Hardy , Thomas L. Griffiths

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance on a variety of NLP tasks, and are being rapidly adopted in a wide range of use cases. It is therefore of vital importance to holistically evaluate the factuality of their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Jiaqing Yuan , Lin Pan , Chung-Wei Hang , Jiang Guo , Jiarong Jiang , Bonan Min , Patrick Ng , Zhiguo Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) possess remarkable generalization capabilities but struggle with multi-task adaptation, particularly in balancing knowledge retention with task-specific specialization. Conventional fine-tuning methods suffer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Dayan Pan , Zhaoyang Fu , Jingyuan Wang , Xiao Han , Yue Zhu , Xiangyu Zhao

With the development of large language models (LLMs) like the GPT series, their widespread use across various application scenarios presents a myriad of challenges. This review initially explores the issue of domain specificity, where LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Xiaoliang Chen , Liangbin Li , Le Chang , Yunhe Huang , Yuxuan Zhao , Yuxiao Zhang , Dinuo Li
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