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Recent success in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) allow problem solving automatically without any human intervention. Autonomous approaches can be very convenient. However, in certain domains, e.g., in the medical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Andreas Holzinger , André Carrington , Heimo Müller

Machine learning systems have been extensively used as auxiliary tools in domains that require critical decision-making, such as healthcare and criminal justice. The explainability of decisions is crucial for users to develop trust on these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Chen Peng , Zhengqi Dai , Guangping Xia , Yajie Niu , Yihui Lei

The main objective of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is to provide effective explanations for black-box classifiers. The existing literature lists many desirable properties for explanations to be useful, but there is no consensus…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Elvio G. Amparore , Alan Perotti , Paolo Bajardi

The application of computer vision is gradually increasing across various domains. They employ deep learning models with a black-box nature. Without the ability to explain the behavior of neural networks, especially their decision-making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Maryam Sadat Hosseini Azad , Shahriar Baradaran Shokouhi , Amir Abbas Hamidi Imani , Shahin Atakishiyev , Randy Goebel

Explainable AI (XAI) is increasingly essential as modern models become more complex and high-stakes applications demand transparency, trust, and regulatory compliance. Existing global attribution methods often incur high computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Poushali Sengupta , Yan Zhang , Frank Eliassen , Sabita Maharjan

Explainable AI (XAI) has been investigated for decades and, together with AI itself, has witnessed unprecedented growth in recent years. Among various approaches to XAI, argumentative models have been advocated in both the AI and social…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Kristijonas Čyras , Antonio Rago , Emanuele Albini , Pietro Baroni , Francesca Toni

Rule learning approaches for knowledge graph completion are efficient, interpretable and competitive to purely neural models. The rule aggregation problem is concerned with finding one plausibility score for a candidate fact which was…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Patrick Betz , Stefan Lüdtke , Christian Meilicke , Heiner Stuckenschmidt

Research on explainable AI (XAI) has frequently focused on explaining model predictions. More recently, methods have been proposed to explain prediction uncertainty by attributing it to input features (uncertainty attributions). However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Emily Schiller , Teodor Chiaburu , Marco Zullich , Luca Longo

Weighted association rule mining reflects semantic significance of item by considering its weight. Classification constructs the classifier and predicts the new data instance. This paper proposes compact weighted class association rule…

Databases · Computer Science 2011-12-12 S. P. Syed Ibrahim , K. R. Chandran

Explainable AI (XAI) methods provide explanations of AI models, but our understanding of how they compare with human explanations remains limited. In image classification, we found that humans adopted more explorative attention strategies…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Ruoxi Qi , Yueyuan Zheng , Yi Yang , Caleb Chen Cao , Janet H. Hsiao

Artificial intelligence now outperforms humans in several scientific and engineering tasks, yet its internal representations often remain opaque. In this Perspective, we argue that explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), combined with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ricardo Vinuesa , Steven L. Brunton , Gianmarco Mengaldo

While SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) and other feature attribution methods are commonly employed to explain model predictions, their application within information retrieval (IR), particularly for complex outputs such as ranked lists,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Maria Heuss , Maarten de Rijke , Avishek Anand

Artificial intelligence models encounter significant challenges due to their black-box nature, particularly in safety-critical domains such as healthcare, finance, and autonomous vehicles. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) addresses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Melkamu Mersha , Khang Lam , Joseph Wood , Ali AlShami , Jugal Kalita

AI-driven outcomes can be challenging for end-users to understand. Explanations can address two key questions: "Why this outcome?" (factual) and "Why not another?" (counterfactual). While substantial efforts have been made to formalize…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Suryani Lim , Henri Prade , Gilles Richard

Rank aggregation aims to combine the preference rankings of a number of alternatives from different voters into a single consensus ranking. As a useful model for a variety of practical applications, however, it is a computationally…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Yangming Zhou , Jin-Kao Hao , Zhen Li , Fred Glover

A main drawback of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) approaches is the feature independence assumption, hindering the study of potential variable dependencies. This leads to approximating black box behaviors by analyzing the effects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Martina Cinquini , Riccardo Guidotti

Explaining deep learning models is essential for clinical integration of medical image analysis systems. A good explanation highlights if a model depends on spurious features that undermines generalization and harms a subset of patients or,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Yoni Schirris , Eric Marcus , Jonas Teuwen , Hugo Horlings , Efstratios Gavves

Multiple query criteria active learning (MQCAL) methods have a higher potential performance than conventional active learning methods in which only one criterion is deployed for sample selection. A central issue related to MQCAL methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-28 Yu Zhao , Zhenhui Shi , Jingyang Zhang , Dong Chen , Lixu Gu

In the meantime, a wide variety of terminologies, motivations, approaches, and evaluation criteria have been developed within the research field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). With the amount of XAI methods vastly growing, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Gesina Schwalbe , Bettina Finzel

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is increasingly required in computational economics, where machine-learning forecasters can outperform classical econometric models but remain difficult to audit and use for policy. This survey…

General Economics · Economics 2025-12-16 Agustín García-García , Pablo Hidalgo , Julio E. Sandubete
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