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Large language models (LLMs) are powerful models that can learn concepts at the inference stage via in-context learning (ICL). While theoretical studies, e.g., \cite{zhang2023trained}, attempt to explain the mechanism of ICL, they assume…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Yue Xing , Xiaofeng Lin , Chenheng Xu , Namjoon Suh , Qifan Song , Guang Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language processing. However, their internal mechanisms are still unclear and this lack of transparency poses unwanted risks for downstream applications.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Haiyan Zhao , Hanjie Chen , Fan Yang , Ninghao Liu , Huiqi Deng , Hengyi Cai , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Mengnan Du

When large language models (LLMs) use in-context learning (ICL) to solve a new task, they must infer latent concepts from demonstration examples. This raises the question of whether and how transformers represent latent structures as part…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Guan Zhe Hong , Bhavya Vasudeva , Vatsal Sharan , Cyrus Rashtchian , Prabhakar Raghavan , Rina Panigrahy

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on multimodal tasks, without any multimodal finetuning. They are the building block for Large Multimodal Models, yet, we still lack a proper understanding of their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Mustafa Shukor , Matthieu Cord

Large language models (LLMs) enable researchers to analyze text at unprecedented scale and minimal cost. Researchers can now revisit old questions and tackle novel ones with rich data. We provide an econometric framework for realizing this…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-08 Jens Ludwig , Sendhil Mullainathan , Ashesh Rambachan

Fine-tuning LLM-based text embedders via contrastive learning maps inputs and outputs into a new representational space, discarding the LLM's output semantics. We propose LLM2Vec-Gen, a self-supervised alternative that instead produces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Parishad BehnamGhader , Vaibhav Adlakha , Fabian David Schmidt , Nicolas Chapados , Marius Mosbach , Siva Reddy

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities but continue to struggle with arithmetic tasks. Prior works largely focus on outputs or prompting strategies, leaving the open question of the internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Dharunish Yugeswardeenoo , Harshil Nukala , Ved Shah , Cole Blondin , Sean O Brien , Vasu Sharma , Kevin Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), but their lack of interpretability has been a major concern. Current methods for interpreting LLMs are post hoc, applied after…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Sean Xie , Soroush Vosoughi , Saeed Hassanpour

This paper reveals that large language models (LLMs), despite being trained solely on textual data, are surprisingly strong encoders for purely visual tasks in the absence of language. Even more intriguingly, this can be achieved by a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Ziqi Pang , Ziyang Xie , Yunze Man , Yu-Xiong Wang

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit emergent behaviors suggestive of human-like reasoning. While recent work has identified structured conceptual representations within these models, it remains unclear whether they functionally rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ningyu Xu , Qi Zhang , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang

Deep Learning architectures, and in particular Transformers, are conventionally viewed as a composition of layers. These layers are actually often obtained as the sum of two contributions: a residual path that copies the input and the…

Large language models have achieved remarkable success in general language understanding tasks. However, as a family of generative methods with the objective of next token prediction, the semantic evolution with the depth of these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Zhu Liu , Cunliang Kong , Ying Liu , Maosong Sun

Motivated by interpretability and reliability, we investigate whether large language models (LLMs) deploy universal geometric structures to encode discrete, graph-structured knowledge. To this end, we present two complementary experimental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 David D. Baek , Yuxiao Li , Max Tegmark

Recent studies suggest that large language models (LLMs) possess the capability to solve graph reasoning tasks. Notably, even when graph structures are embedded within textual descriptions, LLMs can still effectively answer related…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Xinnan Dai , Kai Yang , Jay Revolinsky , Kai Guo , Aoran Wang , Bohang Zhang , Jiliang Tang

While transformer models exhibit strong capabilities on linguistic tasks, their complex architectures make them difficult to interpret. Recent work has aimed to reverse engineer transformer models into human-readable representations called…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Michael Lan , Philip Torr , Fazl Barez

Many recent studies have found evidence for emergent reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs), but debate persists concerning the robustness of these capabilities, and the extent to which they depend on structured reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yukang Yang , Declan Campbell , Kaixuan Huang , Mengdi Wang , Jonathan Cohen , Taylor Webb

This work studies the capabilities of a large language model (LLM) to understand paralinguistic aspects of speech without fine-tuning its weights. We utilize an end-to-end system with a speech encoder, which is trained to produce token…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Wonjune Kang , Junteng Jia , Chunyang Wu , Wei Zhou , Egor Lakomkin , Yashesh Gaur , Leda Sari , Suyoun Kim , Ke Li , Jay Mahadeokar , Ozlem Kalinli

Despite the extensive success of pretrained language models as encoders for building NLP systems, they haven't seen prominence as decoders for sequence generation tasks. We explore the question of whether these models can be adapted to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-21 Nishant Subramani , Nivedita Suresh

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance across many NLP tasks, their opaque internal mechanisms hinder trustworthiness and safe deployment. Existing surveys in explainable AI largely focus on post-hoc explanation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yutong Gao , Qinglin Meng , Yuan Zhou , Liangming Pan

Analogical reasoning -- the capacity to identify and map structural relationships between different domains -- is fundamental to human cognition and learning. Recent studies have shown that large language models (LLMs) can sometimes match…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Sam Musker , Alex Duchnowski , Raphaël Millière , Ellie Pavlick