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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for causal and counterfactual reasoning, yet their reliability in real-world policy evaluation remains underexplored. We construct a benchmark of 40 empirical policy evaluation cases drawn…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yanjie He

Large language models (LLMs) have unveiled remarkable reasoning capabilities by exploiting chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, which generates intermediate reasoning chains to serve as the rationale for deriving the answer. However, current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Anni Zou , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao , Xiangru Tang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically trained to reflect a relatively uniform set of values, which limits their applicability to tasks that require understanding of nuanced human perspectives. Recent research has underscored the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yunfan Zhang , Kathleen McKeown , Smaranda Muresan

Large reasoning models (LRMs) exhibit unprecedented capabilities in solving complex problems through Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, recent studies reveal that their final answers often contradict their own reasoning traces. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yuhui Wang , Changjiang Li , Guangke Chen , Jiacheng Liang , Ting Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to acquire reasoning capabilities through shared inference patterns in pre-training data, which are further elicited via Chain-of-Thought (CoT) practices. However, whether fundamental reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Xingwei Tan , Marco Valentino , Mahmud Elahi Akhter , Yuxiang Zhou , Maria Liakata , Nikolaos Aletras

Despite superior reasoning prowess demonstrated by Large Language Models (LLMs) with Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting, a lack of understanding prevails around the internal mechanisms of the models that facilitate CoT generation. This work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Subhabrata Dutta , Joykirat Singh , Soumen Chakrabarti , Tanmoy Chakraborty

This paper investigates the utilization of Large Language Models (LLMs) for solving complex linguistic puzzles, a domain requiring advanced reasoning and adept translation capabilities akin to human cognitive processes. We explore specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Zheng-Lin Lin , Yu-Fei Shih , Shu-Kai Hsieh

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in tasks requiring reasoning and multi-step problem-solving through the use of chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting. However, generating the full CoT process results in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Tianqiao Liu , Zui Chen , Zitao Liu , Mi Tian , Weiqi Luo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been touted as AI models possessing advanced reasoning abilities. In theory, autoregressive LLMs with Chain-of-Thought (CoT) can perform more serial computations to solve complex reasoning tasks. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Rishi Hazra , Gabriele Venturato , Pedro Zuidberg Dos Martires , Luc De Raedt

Large language models demonstrate strong problem-solving abilities through reasoning techniques such as chain-of-thought prompting and reflection. However, it remains unclear whether these reasoning capabilities extend to a form of social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Yuxuan Li , Hirokazu Shirado

In-Context Learning (ICL) in Large Language Models (LLM) has emerged as the dominant technique for performing natural language tasks, as it does not require updating the model parameters with gradient-based methods. ICL promises to "adapt"…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Georgios Chochlakis , Niyantha Maruthu Pandiyan , Kristina Lerman , Shrikanth Narayanan

The recent trend towards utilisation of reasoning models has improved the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) across many tasks which involve logical steps. One linguistic task that could benefit from this framing is idiomaticity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Dylan Phelps , Rodrigo Wilkens , Edward Gow-Smith , Thomas Pickard , Maggie Mi , Aline Villavicencio

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting has become a widely used strategy for improving large language and multimodal model performance. However, it is still an open question under which settings CoT systematically reduces performance. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Ryan Liu , Jiayi Geng , Addison J. Wu , Ilia Sucholutsky , Tania Lombrozo , Thomas L. Griffiths

Large language models (LLMs) with billions of parameters exhibit in-context learning abilities, enabling few-shot learning on tasks that the model was not specifically trained for. Traditional models achieve breakthrough performance on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Aske Plaat , Annie Wong , Suzan Verberne , Joost Broekens , Niki van Stein , Thomas Back

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in AI-based tutoring systems. Can they faithfully model novice reasoning and metacognitive judgments? Existing evaluations emphasize problem-solving accuracy, overlooking the fragmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Conrad Borchers , Jill-Jênn Vie , Roger Azevedo

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have emerged as a powerful advancement in multi-step reasoning tasks, offering enhanced transparency and logical consistency through explicit chains of thought (CoT). However, these models introduce novel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jiawei Chen , Yang Yang , Chao Yu , Yu Tian , Zhi Cao , Xue Yang , Linghao Li , Hang Su , Zhaoxia Yin

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in reasoning tasks through Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting. However, CoT prompting greatly increases computational demands, which has prompted growing interest in distilling CoT capabilities into Small…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xinghao Chen , Zhijing Sun , Wenjin Guo , Miaoran Zhang , Yanjun Chen , Yirong Sun , Hui Su , Yijie Pan , Dietrich Klakow , Wenjie Li , Xiaoyu Shen

Large language models (LLMs) often struggle with complex mathematical tasks, prone to "hallucinating" incorrect answers due to their reliance on statistical patterns. This limitation is further amplified in average Small LangSLMs with…

The development of Long-CoT reasoning has advanced LLM performance across various tasks, including language understanding, complex problem solving, and code generation. This paradigm enables models to generate intermediate reasoning steps,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yanbo Wang , Yongcan Yu , Jian Liang , Ran He

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) solve complex tasks by generating long Chain-of-Thought (CoT) sequences; however, the emergent dynamics governing reasoning trajectories are not well understood and can lead to inconsistencies and reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 G M Shahariar , Erfan Shayegani , Ali Nazari , Nael Abu-Ghazaleh