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Persistent key-value (KV) stores mostly build on the Log-Structured Merge (LSM) tree for high write performance, yet the LSM-tree suffers from the inherently high I/O amplification. KV separation mitigates I/O amplification by storing only…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Yongkun Li , Helen H. W. Chan , Patrick P. C. Lee , Yinlong Xu

Modern large-scale services such as search engines, messaging platforms, and serverless functions, rely on key-value (KV) stores to maintain high performance at scale. When such services are deployed in constrained memory environments, they…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Konstantinos Kanellis , Badrish Chandramouli , Ted Hart , Shivaram Venkataraman

Large language models (LLMs) rely on Key-Value (KV) cache to reduce time-to-first-token (TTFT) latency, but existing disk-based KV cache systems using file-per-object layouts suffer from severe scalability bottlenecks due to file system…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Weiping Yu , Ye Jiarui , He Mengke , Junfeng Liu , Siqiang Luo

Key-value stores are a fundamental class of NoSQL databases that offer a simple yet powerful model for data storage and retrieval, representing information as pairs of unique keys and associated values. Their minimal structure enables…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Zonglin Guo , Tony Givargis

The increasing adoption of large language models (LLMs) with extended context windows necessitates efficient Key-Value Cache (KVC) management to optimize inference performance. Inference workloads like Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yue Zhu , Hao Yu , Chen Wang , Zhuoran Liu , Eun Kyung Lee

Distributed in-memory key-value (KV) stores are embracing the disaggregated memory (DM) architecture for higher resource utilization. However, existing KV stores on DM employ a semi-disaggregated design that stores KV pairs on DM but…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Jiacheng Shen , Pengfei Zuo , Xuchuan Luo , Tianyi Yang , Yuxin Su , Yangfan Zhou , Michael R. Lyu

We present Keigo, a concurrency- and workload-aware storage middleware that enhances the performance of log-structured merge key-value stores (LSM KVS) when they are deployed on a hierarchy of storage devices. The key observation behind…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Rúben Adão , Zhongjie Wu , Changjun Zhou , Oana Balmau , João Paulo , Ricardo Macedo

Key-Value (KV) cache plays a crucial role in accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs) by storing intermediate attention states and avoiding redundant computation during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuzhen Mao , Qitong Wang , Martin Ester , Ke Li

Key-value stores (KV) have become one of the main components of the modern storage and data processing system stack. With the increasing need for timely data analysis, performance becomes more and more critical. In the past, these stores…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Krijn Doekemeijer , Animesh Trivedi

The key-value (KV) cache is a foundational optimization in Transformer-based large language models (LLMs), eliminating redundant recomputation of past token representations during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yichun Xu , Navjot K. Khaira , Tejinder Singh

Prefix KV caching has become a key mechanism in LLM serving: it reduces time to first token (TTFT) by avoiding redundant computation across requests that share a prefix (i.e., the system prompt). However, the accumulated KV cache is often…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Yu Zhu , Aditya Dhakal , Yunming Xiao , Dejan Milojicic , Gustavo Alonso

Cloud key-value (KV) stores provide businesses with a cost-effective and adaptive alternative to traditional on-premise data management solutions. KV stores frequently consist of heterogeneous clusters, characterized by varying hardware…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Alireza Heidari , Amirhossein Ahmadi , Zefeng Zhi , Wei Zhang

Key-value (KV) separation is a technique that introduces randomness in the I/O access patterns to reduce I/O amplification in LSM-based key-value stores for fast storage devices (NVMe). KV separation has a significant drawback that makes it…

Log-Structured Merge-tree-based Key-Value Store (LSM-KVS) is a foundational storage engine serving diverse modern workloads, systems, and applications. To suit varying use cases, LSM-KVS allows a vast configuration space that controls core…

Key-value (KV) cache memory management is the primary bottleneck limiting throughput and cost-efficiency in large-scale GPU inference serving. Current systems suffer from three compounding inefficiencies: (1) the absence of unified KV cache…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Sanjeev Rao Ganjihal

Log-Structured Merge tree (LSM tree) Key-Value (KV) stores have become a foundational layer in the storage stacks of datacenter and cloud services. Current approaches for achieving reliability and availability avoid replication at the KV…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Michalis Vardoulakis , Giorgos Saloustros , Pilar González-Férez , Angelos Bilas

Millions of sensors, mobile applications and machines now generate billions of events. Specialized many-core key-value stores (KVSs) can ingest and index these events at high rates (over 100 Mops/s on one machine) if events are generated on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Chinmay Kulkarni , Badrish Chandramouli , Ryan Stutsman

Technologies and lifestyles have been increasingly geared toward consumerism in recent years. Accordingly, it is both the price and the delivery time that matter most to the ultimate customers of commercial enterprises. Consequently, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-02 Sina Aghakhani , Mohammad Sadra Rajabi

Key-value store is a popular type of cloud computing applications. The performance of key-value store applications have been shown to be very sensitive to load within the data center, and in particular to latency. As load within data center…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-05-30 Yuta Tokusashi , Hiroki Matsutani , Noa Zilberman

Recent advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated significant improvement in offline video understanding. However, extending these capabilities to streaming video inputs, remains challenging, as existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Haowei Zhang , Shudong Yang , Jinlan Fu , See-Kiong Ng , Xipeng Qiu
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