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This work presents an analytical framework for the design and analysis of LLM-based algorithms, i.e., algorithms that contain one or multiple calls of large language models (LLMs) as sub-routines and critically rely on the capabilities of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yanxi Chen , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding , Jingren Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a leap in artificial intelligence, excelling in tasks using human language(s). Although the main focus of general-purpose LLMs is not code generation, they have shown promising results in the domain.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Sanka Rasnayaka , Guanlin Wang , Ridwan Shariffdeen , Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer

Alignment of Large Language models (LLMs) is crucial for safe and trustworthy deployment in applications. Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has emerged as an effective technique to align LLMs to human preferences and broader…

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in certain reasoning tasks, they struggle in multi-agent games where the final outcome depends on the joint strategies of all agents. In multi-agent games, the non-stationarity of other agents brings…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yidong He , Yutao Lai , Pengxu Yang , Jiarui Gan , Jiexin Wang , Yi Cai , Mengchen Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) as autonomous agents offer a novel avenue for tackling real-world challenges through a knowledge-driven manner. These LLM-enhanced methodologies excel in generalization and interpretability. However, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Kemou Jiang , Xuan Cai , Zhiyong Cui , Aoyong Li , Yilong Ren , Haiyang Yu , Hao Yang , Daocheng Fu , Licheng Wen , Pinlong Cai

Large language model-based multi-agent systems have shown great abilities across various tasks due to the collaboration of expert agents, each focusing on a specific domain. However, the impact of clumsy or even malicious agents--those who…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jen-tse Huang , Jiaxu Zhou , Tailin Jin , Xuhui Zhou , Zixi Chen , Wenxuan Wang , Youliang Yuan , Michael R. Lyu , Maarten Sap

A hallmark property of explainable AI models is the ability to teach other agents, communicating knowledge of how to perform a task. While Large Language Models perform complex reasoning by generating explanations for their predictions, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Swarnadeep Saha , Peter Hase , Mohit Bansal

Multi-agent systems (MASs) can autonomously learn to solve previously unknown tasks by means of each agent's individual intelligence as well as by collaborating and exploiting collective intelligence. This article considers a group of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-29 Michael Meindl , Fabio Molinari , Dustin Lehmann , Thomas Seel

While contemporary large language models (LLMs) are increasingly capable in isolation, there are still many difficult problems that lie beyond the abilities of a single LLM. For such tasks, there is still uncertainty about how best to take…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Ryan Liu , Dilip Arumugam , Cedegao E. Zhang , Sean Escola , Xaq Pitkow , Thomas L. Griffiths

Researchers and practitioners have recently reframed powerful Large Language Models (LLMs) as agents, enabling them to automate complex tasks largely via the use of specialized functions. To facilitate the development of LLM agents, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Shaokun Zhang , Jieyu Zhang , Jiale Liu , Linxin Song , Chi Wang , Ranjay Krishna , Qingyun Wu

Large Language Model (LLM) based agents have proved their ability to perform complex tasks like humans. However, there is still a large gap between open-sourced LLMs and commercial models like the GPT series. In this paper, we focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Dayuan Fu , Keqing He , Yejie Wang , Wentao Hong , Zhuoma Gongque , Weihao Zeng , Wei Wang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Weiran Xu

Large Language Model-based multi-agent systems (MAS) have shown remarkable progress in solving complex tasks through collaborative reasoning and inter-agent critique. However, existing approaches typically treat each task in isolation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yilong Li , Chen Qian , Yu Xia , Ruijie Shi , Yufan Dang , Zihao Xie , Ziming You , Weize Chen , Cheng Yang , Weichuan Liu , Ye Tian , Xuantang Xiong , Lei Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

As large language models (LLMs) advance their mathematical capabilities toward the IMO level, the scarcity of challenging, high-quality problems for training and evaluation has become a significant bottleneck. Simultaneously, recent code…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Dadi Guo , Yuejin Xie , Qingyu Liu , Jiayu Liu , Zhiyuan Fan , Qihan Ren , Shuai Shao , Tianyi Zhou , Dongrui Liu , Yi R. Fung

Reasoning about code and explaining its purpose are fundamental skills for computer scientists. There has been extensive research in the field of computing education on the relationship between a student's ability to explain code and other…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Juho Leinonen , Paul Denny , Stephen MacNeil , Sami Sarsa , Seth Bernstein , Joanne Kim , Andrew Tran , Arto Hellas

Software development is a complex, multi-phase process traditionally requiring collaboration among individuals with diverse expertise. We propose AgentMesh, a Python-based framework that uses multiple cooperating LLM-powered agents to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Sourena Khanzadeh

LLMs have gotten attention across various research domains due to their exceptional performance on a wide range of complex tasks. Therefore, refined methods to evaluate the capabilities of LLMs are needed to determine the tasks and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Ji-Lun Peng , Sijia Cheng , Egil Diau , Yung-Yu Shih , Po-Heng Chen , Yen-Ting Lin , Yun-Nung Chen

The difficulty and expense of obtaining large-scale human responses make Large Language Models (LLMs) an attractive alternative and a promising proxy for human behavior. However, prior work shows that LLMs often produce homogeneous outputs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Manh Hung Nguyen , Sebastian Tschiatschek , Adish Singla

LLM-based agents have been extensively applied across various domains, where memory stands out as one of their most essential capabilities. Previous memory mechanisms of LLM-based agents are manually predefined by human experts, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Zeyu Zhang , Quanyu Dai , Rui Li , Xiaohe Bo , Xu Chen , Zhenhua Dong

Understanding and reasoning over tables is a critical capability for many real-world applications. Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise on this task, but current approaches remain limited. Fine-tuning based methods strengthen…

Language model (LM)-based agents have demonstrated promising capabilities in automating complex tasks from natural language instructions, yet they continue to struggle with long-horizon planning and reasoning. To address this, we propose an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Wenyi Wu , Sibo Zhu , Kun Zhou , Biwei Huang