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Recent advancements in Spatial Intelligence (SI) have predominantly relied on Vision-Language Models (VLMs), yet a critical question remains: does spatial understanding originate from visual encoders or the fundamental reasoning backbone?…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zhongbin Guo , Zhen Yang , Yushan Li , Xinyue Zhang , Wenyu Gao , Jiacheng Wang , Chengzhi Li , Xiangrui Liu , Ping Jian

3D spatial reasoning is the ability to analyze and interpret the positions, orientations, and spatial relationships of objects within the 3D space. This allows models to develop a comprehensive understanding of the 3D scene, enabling their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Wufei Ma , Haoyu Chen , Guofeng Zhang , Yu-Cheng Chou , Jieneng Chen , Celso M de Melo , Alan Yuille

Spatial reasoning is a core aspect of human intelligence that allows perception, inference and planning in 3D environments. However, current vision-language models (VLMs) struggle to maintain geometric coherence and cross-view consistency…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Qiyao Xue , Weichen Liu , Shiqi Wang , Haoming Wang , Yuyang Wu , Wei Gao

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated powerful capabilities in general spatial understanding and reasoning. However, their fine-grained spatial understanding and reasoning capabilities in complex urban scenarios have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jun Zhang , Jie Feng , Long Chen , Junhui Wang , Zhicheng Liu , Depeng Jin , Yong Li

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) exhibit impressive problem-solving abilities in various domains, but their visual comprehension and abstract reasoning skills remain under-evaluated. To this end, we present PolyMATH, a challenging…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Himanshu Gupta , Shreyas Verma , Ujjwala Anantheswaran , Kevin Scaria , Mihir Parmar , Swaroop Mishra , Chitta Baral

Spatial reasoning, which requires ability to perceive and manipulate spatial relationships in the 3D world, is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence, yet remains a persistent challenge for Multimodal large language models (MLLMs).…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Weichen Liu , Qiyao Xue , Haoming Wang , Xiangyu Yin , Boyuan Yang , Wei Gao

The ability to understand and reason about spatial relationships between objects in images is an important component of visual reasoning. This skill rests on the ability to recognize and localize objects of interest and determine their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Navid Rajabi , Jana Kosecka

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) demonstrate strong perception and reasoning performance on existing remote sensing (RS) benchmarks. However, most prior benchmarks rely on low-resolution imagery, and some high-resolution benchmarks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Yunkai Dang , Meiyi Zhu , Donghao Wang , Yizhuo Zhang , Jiacheng Yang , Qi Fan , Yuekun Yang , Wenbin Li , Feng Miao , Yang Gao

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are proficient in perception and instruction-following, but they still struggle with spatial reasoning: the ability to mentally track and manipulate objects across multiple views and over time.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Ryan Spencer , Roey Yaari , Ritvik Vemavarapu , Joyce Yang , Steven Ngo , Utkarsh Sharma

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have made rapid progress in spatial intelligence, yet existing spatial reasoning benchmarks largely assume pristine visual inputs and overlook the degradations that commonly occur in real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Xiaolong Zhou , Yifei Liu , Ziyang Gong , Jiarui Li , Qiyue Zhao , Muyao Niu , Yuanyuan Gao , Le Ma , Xue Yang , Hongjie Zhang , Zhihang Zhong

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have achieved strong performance across a range of vision and language tasks. However, their spatial reasoning capabilities are under-investigated. In this paper, we construct a novel VQA dataset, Spatial-MM,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Fatemeh Shiri , Xiao-Yu Guo , Mona Golestan Far , Xin Yu , Gholamreza Haffari , Yuan-Fang Li

Vision-language models (VLMs) are essential to Embodied AI, enabling robots to perceive, reason, and act in complex environments. They also serve as the foundation for the recent Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models. Yet most evaluations of…

The use of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) as an end-to-end solution for Embodied AI and Autonomous Driving has become a prevailing trend. While MLLMs have been extensively studied for visual semantic understanding tasks, their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Yun Li , Yiming Zhang , Tao Lin , Xiangrui Liu , Wenxiao Cai , Zheng Liu , Bo Zhao

Visual spatial intelligence is critical for medical image interpretation, yet remains largely unexplored in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) for 3D imaging. This gap persists due to a systemic lack of datasets featuring structured…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Quoc-Huy Trinh , Xi Ding , Yang Liu , Zhenyue Qin , Xingjian Li , Gorkem Durak , Halil Ertugrul Aktas , Elif Keles , Ulas Bagci , Min Xu

The 180x360 omnidirectional field of view captured by 360-degree cameras enables their use in a wide range of applications such as embodied AI and virtual reality. Although recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Zihao Dongfang , Xu Zheng , Ziqiao Weng , Yuanhuiyi Lyu , Danda Pani Paudel , Luc Van Gool , Kailun Yang , Xuming Hu

Spatial reasoning has emerged as a critical capability for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), drawing increasing attention and rapid advancement. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on single-step perception-to-judgment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Rui Zhu , Xin Shen , Shuchen Wu , Chenxi Miao , Xin Yu , Yang Li , Weikang Li , Deguo Xia , Jizhou Huang

Multimodal reasoning, which integrates language and visual cues into problem solving and decision making, is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence and a crucial step toward artificial general intelligence. However, the evaluation of…

Recent advancements in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have significantly enhanced their ability to integrate visual and linguistic information, achieving near-human proficiency in tasks like object recognition, captioning, and visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Zhikai Wang , Jiashuo Sun , Wenqi Zhang , Zhiqiang Hu , Xin Li , Fan Wang , Deli Zhao

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (LVLMs) have shown promise across many tasks, yet their scientific reasoning capabilities remain untested, particularly in multimodal settings. We present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Xinwu Ye , Chengfan Li , Siming Chen , Wei Wei , Xiangru Tang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly applied in real-world scenarios where user-provided images are often imperfect, requiring active image manipulations such as cropping, editing, or enhancement to uncover salient…