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This paper studies algorithmic decision-making in the presence of strategic individual behaviors, where an ML model is used to make decisions about human agents and the latter can adapt their behavior strategically to improve their future…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Tian Xie , Xueru Zhang

Consequential decision-making typically incentivizes individuals to behave strategically, tailoring their behavior to the specifics of the decision rule. A long line of work has therefore sought to counteract strategic behavior by designing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-26 Smitha Milli , John Miller , Anca D. Dragan , Moritz Hardt

Machine learning relies on the assumption that unseen test instances of a classification problem follow the same distribution as observed training data. However, this principle can break down when machine learning is used to make important…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-24 Moritz Hardt , Nimrod Megiddo , Christos Papadimitriou , Mary Wootters

In real-world classification settings, such as loan application evaluation or content moderation on online platforms, individuals respond to classifier predictions by strategically updating their features to increase their likelihood of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Vijay Keswani , L. Elisa Celis

We address the question of repeatedly learning linear classifiers against agents who are strategically trying to game the deployed classifiers, and we use the Stackelberg regret to measure the performance of our algorithms. First, we show…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Yiling Chen , Yang Liu , Chara Podimata

Strategic classification(SC) studies the interaction between decision models and agents who strategically manipulate their features for favorable outcomes. Existing SC frameworks typically rely on the idealized assumption that agents are…

We study an online linear classification problem, in which the data is generated by strategic agents who manipulate their features in an effort to change the classification outcome. In rounds, the learner deploys a classifier, and an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-10-24 Jinshuo Dong , Aaron Roth , Zachary Schutzman , Bo Waggoner , Zhiwei Steven Wu

We initiate the study of strategic behavior in screening processes with multiple classifiers. We focus on two contrasting settings: a conjunctive setting in which an individual must satisfy all classifiers simultaneously, and a sequential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Lee Cohen , Saeed Sharifi-Malvajerdi , Kevin Stangl , Ali Vakilian , Juba Ziani

When humans are subject to an algorithmic decision system, they can strategically adjust their behavior accordingly (``game'' the system). While a growing line of literature on strategic classification has used game-theoretic modeling to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Raman Ebrahimi , Kristen Vaccaro , Parinaz Naghizadeh

The deployment of ever-larger machine learning models reflects a growing consensus that the more expressive the model class one optimizes over$\unicode{x2013}$and the more data one has access to$\unicode{x2013}$the more one can improve…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Tinashe Handina , Eric Mazumdar

In many predictive decision-making scenarios, such as credit scoring and academic testing, a decision-maker must construct a model that accounts for agents' propensity to "game" the decision rule by changing their features so as to receive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-26 Yonadav Shavit , Benjamin Edelman , Brian Axelrod

Machine learning is now ubiquitous in societal decision-making, for example in evaluating job candidates or loan applications, and it is increasingly important to take into account how classified agents will react to the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Dravyansh Sharma , Alec Sun

We study strategic classification in binary decision-making settings where agents can modify their features in order to improve their classification outcomes. Importantly, our work considers the causal structure across different features,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Valia Efthymiou , Chara Podimata , Diptangshu Sen , Juba Ziani

Nonstationarity is ubiquitous in practical classification settings, leading deployed models to perform poorly even when they generalize well to holdout sets available at training time. We address this by reframing nonstationary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Jimmy Gammell , Bishal Thapaliya , Yoon Jung , Riyasat Ohib , Bilel Fehri , Deepayan Chakrabarti

Humans have come to rely on machines for reducing excessive information to manageable representations. But this reliance can be abused -- strategic machines might craft representations that manipulate their users. How can a user make good…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Vineet Nair , Ganesh Ghalme , Inbal Talgam-Cohen , Nir Rosenfeld

A binary classifier that tries to predict if the price of an asset will increase or decrease naturally gives rise to a trading strategy that follows the prediction and thus always has a position in the market. Selective classification…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-11-02 Nestoras Chalkidis , Rahul Savani

In strategic classification, an institution (e.g., a bank) anticipates adaptation from users who change their features to increase utility in a classification task (e.g., loan repayment). Since a key challenge is the distribution shift…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Antonio Gois , Sophia Gunluk , Nir Rosenfeld , Nidhi Hegde , Simon Lacoste-Julien , Dhanya Sridhar

We initiate the study of active learning algorithms for classifying strategic agents. Active learning is a well-established framework in machine learning in which the learner selectively queries labels, often achieving substantially higher…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Maria-Florina Balcan , Hedyeh Beyhaghi

Neural classifiers are non linear systems providing decisions on the classes of patterns, for a given problem they have learned. The output computed by a classifier for each pattern constitutes an approximation of the output of some unknown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Stavros P. Adam , Aristidis C. Likas

When learning is used to inform decisions about humans, such as for loans, hiring, or admissions, this can incentivize users to strategically modify their features, at a cost, to obtain positive predictions. The common assumption is that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Yonatan Sommer , Ivri Hikri , Lotan Amit , Nir Rosenfeld