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In the realm of autonomous driving, conventional approaches for vehicle perception and decision-making primarily rely on sensor input and rule-based algorithms. However, these methodologies often suffer from lack of interpretability and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Haidong Wang , Pengfei Xiao , Ao Liu , Qia Shan , Jianhua Zhang

This paper addresses autonomous racing by introducing a real-time nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) coupled with a moving horizon estimator (MHE). The racing problem is solved by an NMPC-based off-line trajectory planner that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-08 Yassine Kebbati , Andreas Rauh , Naima Ait-Oufroukh , Dalil Ichalal , Vincent Vigneron

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous driving has attracted growing interest for their strong reasoning and semantic understanding abilities, which are essential for handling complex decision-making and long-tail…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Thomas Monninger , Shaoyuan Xie , Qi Alfred Chen , Sihao Ding

Developing intelligent energy management systems with high adaptability and superiority is necessary and significant for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). This paper proposed an ensemble learning-based scheme based on a learning automata…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Bin Shuai , Min Hua , Yanfei Li , Shijin Shuai , Hongming Xu , Quan Zhou

Birds' Eye View (BEV) semantic segmentation is an indispensable perception task in end-to-end autonomous driving systems. Unsupervised and semi-supervised learning for BEV tasks, as pivotal for real-world applications, underperform due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Siyu Li , Fei Teng , Yihong Cao , Kailun Yang , Zhiyong Li , Yaonan Wang

In autonomous driving, there is growing interest in end-to-end online vectorized map perception in bird's-eye-view (BEV) space, with an expectation that it could replace traditional high-cost offline high-definition (HD) maps. However, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Xiaoyu Zhang , Guangwei Liu , Zihao Liu , Ningyi Xu , Yunhui Liu , Ji Zhao

Autonomous driving is a multi-task problem requiring a deep understanding of the visual environment. End-to-end autonomous systems have attracted increasing interest as a method of learning to drive without exhaustively programming…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Alexander Makrigiorgos , Ali Shafti , Alex Harston , Julien Gerard , A. Aldo Faisal

End-to-end autonomous driving has achieved remarkable advancements in recent years. Existing methods primarily follow a perception-planning paradigm, where perception and planning are executed sequentially within a fully differentiable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Bozhou Zhang , Jingyu Li , Nan Song , Li Zhang

Understanding road geometry is a critical component of the autonomous vehicle (AV) stack. While high-definition (HD) maps can readily provide such information, they suffer from high labeling and maintenance costs. Accordingly, many recent…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Xunjiang Gu , Guanyu Song , Igor Gilitschenski , Marco Pavone , Boris Ivanovic

The integration of dual-modal features has been pivotal in advancing RGB-Depth (RGB-D) tracking. However, current trackers are less efficient and focus solely on single-level features, resulting in weaker robustness in fusion and slower…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Boyue Xu , Yi Xu , Ruichao Hou , Jia Bei , Tongwei Ren , Gangshan Wu

End-to-End autonomous driving (E2E-AD) systems face challenges in lifelong learning, including catastrophic forgetting, difficulty in knowledge transfer across diverse scenarios, and spurious correlations between unobservable confounders…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Jiayuan Du , Yuebing Song , Yiming Zhao , Xianghui Pan , Jiawei Lian , Yuchu Lu , Liuyi Wang , Chengju Liu , Qijun Chen

Large vision-language models (VLMs) have shown promising capabilities in scene understanding, enhancing the explainability of driving behaviors and interactivity with users. Existing methods primarily fine-tune VLMs on on-board multi-view…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Nan Song , Bozhou Zhang , Xiatian Zhu , Jiankang Deng , Li Zhang

Assessing the safety of autonomous driving policy is of great importance, and reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful method for discovering critical vulnerabilities in driving policies. However, existing RL-based approaches…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Le Qiu , Zelai Xu , Qixin Tan , Wenhao Tang , Chao Yu , Yu Wang

High-definition (HD) maps are essential for autonomous driving, providing precise information such as road boundaries, lane dividers, and crosswalks to enable safe and accurate navigation. However, traditional HD map generation is…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Zihan Zhang , Abhijit Ravichandran , Pragnya Korti , Luobin Wang , Henrik I. Christensen

High-speed cruising scenarios with mixed traffic greatly challenge the road safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Unlike existing works that only look at fundamental modules in isolation, this work enhances AV safety in mixed-traffic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-24 Jinhao Liang , Kaidi Yang , Chaopeng Tan , Jinxiang Wang , Guodong Yin

End-to-end autonomous driving is a fully differentiable machine learning system that takes raw sensor input data and other metadata as prior information and directly outputs the ego vehicle's control signals or planned trajectories. This…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Apoorv Singh

In this paper we describe the design and the ideas motivating a new Continual Learning benchmark for Autonomous Driving (CLAD), that focuses on the problems of object classification and object detection. The benchmark utilises SODA10M, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Eli Verwimp , Kuo Yang , Sarah Parisot , Hong Lanqing , Steven McDonagh , Eduardo Pérez-Pellitero , Matthias De Lange , Tinne Tuytelaars

As autonomous driving technology matures, end-to-end methodologies have emerged as a leading strategy, promising seamless integration from perception to control via deep learning. However, existing systems grapple with challenges such as…

Current autonomous driving systems are composed of a perception system and a decision system. Both of them are divided into multiple subsystems built up with lots of human heuristics. An end-to-end approach might clean up the system and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Jianyu Chen , Zhuo Xu , Masayoshi Tomizuka

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) play an important role in various applications, where precise trajectory tracking is crucial. However, conventional control algorithms for trajectory tracking often exhibit limited performance due to the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Fuqiang Gu , Jiangshan Ai , Xu Lu , Xianlei Long , Yan Li , Tao Jiang , Chao Chen , Huidong Liu