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Evaluating teaching effectiveness at scale remains a persistent challenge for large universities, particularly within engineering programs that enroll tens of thousands of students. Traditional methods, such as manual review of student…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Jean-Francois Chamberland , Martin C. Carlisle , Arul Jayaraman , Krishna R. Narayanan , Sunay Palsole , Karan Watson

We present a technique for automatic induction of slot annotations for subcategorization frames, based on induction of hidden classes in the EM framework of statistical estimation. The models are empirically evalutated by a general decision…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Mats Rooth , Stefan Riezler , Detlef Prescher , Glenn Carroll , Franz Beil

We conducted a systematic literature review on automated grading and feedback tools for programming education. We analysed 121 research papers from 2017 to 2021 inclusive and categorised them based on skills assessed, approach, language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Marcus Messer , Neil C. C. Brown , Michael Kölling , Miaojing Shi

We present an annotation approach to capturing emotional and cognitive empathy in student-written peer reviews on business models in German. We propose an annotation scheme that allows us to model emotional and cognitive empathy scores…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Thiemo Wambsganss , Christina Niklaus , Matthias Söllner , Siegfried Handschuh , Jan Marco Leimeister

Empathy, as defined in behavioral sciences, expresses the ability of human beings to recognize, understand and react to emotions, attitudes and beliefs of others. The lack of an operational definition of empathy makes it difficult to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-01 Firoj Alam , Morena Danieli , Giuseppe Riccardi

This paper investigates the automation of qualitative data analysis, focusing on inductive coding using large language models (LLMs). Unlike traditional approaches that rely on deductive methods with predefined labels, this research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Angelina Parfenova , Andreas Marfurt , Alexander Denzler , Juergen Pfeffer

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as versatile tools in various daily applications. However, they are fraught with issues that undermine their utility and trustworthiness. These include the incorporation of erroneous references…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Dongyub Lee , Taesun Whang , Chanhee Lee , Heuiseok Lim

Grading programming assignments is crucial for guiding students to improve their programming skills and coding styles. This study presents an automated grading framework, CodEv, which leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) to provide…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-28 En-Qi Tseng , Pei-Cing Huang , Chan Hsu , Peng-Yi Wu , Chan-Tung Ku , Yihuang Kang

Process or step-wise supervision has played a crucial role in advancing complex multi-step reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, efficient, high-quality automated process annotation remains a significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Md Imbesat Hassan Rizvi , Xiaodan Zhu , Iryna Gurevych

Deep-learning based Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) systems are being actively used by states and language testing agencies alike to evaluate millions of candidates for life-changing decisions ranging from college applications to visa…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Yaman Kumar Singla , Swapnil Parekh , Somesh Singh , Junyi Jessy Li , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Changyou Chen

Research demonstrates learners engaging in the process of producing explanations to support their reasoning, can have a positive impact on learning. However, providing learners real-time explanatory feedback often presents challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Jionghao Lin , Danielle R. Thomas , Feifei Han , Shivang Gupta , Wei Tan , Ngoc Dang Nguyen , Kenneth R. Koedinger

Technology acceptance models effectively predict how users will adopt new technology products. Traditional surveys, often expensive and cumbersome, are commonly used for this assessment. As an alternative to surveys, we explore the use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Pawel Robert Smolinski , Joseph Januszewicz , Jacek Winiarski

Essays are considered a valuable mechanism for evaluating learning outcomes in writing. Textual cohesion is an essential characteristic of a text, as it facilitates the establishment of meaning between its parts. Automatically scoring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Bruno Alexandre Rosa , Hilário Oliveira , Luiz Rodrigues , Eduardo Araujo Oliveira , Rafael Ferreira Mello

Automated essay scoring (AES) predicts multiple rubric-defined trait scores for each essay, where each trait follows an ordered discrete rating scale. Most LLM-based AES methods cast scoring as autoregressive token generation and obtain the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Han Zhang , Jiamin Su , Li liu

This paper introduces the first publicly available dataset for Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) and feedback generation in Basque, targeting the CEFR C1 proficiency level. The dataset comprises 3,200 essays from HABE, each annotated by expert…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Ekhi Azurmendi , Xabier Arregi , Oier Lopez de Lacalle

The paper presents an approach to semantic grounding of language models (LMs) that conceptualizes the LM as a conditional model generating text given a desired semantic message formalized as a set of entity-relationship triples. It embeds…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Chris Alberti , Kuzman Ganchev , Michael Collins , Sebastian Gehrmann , Ciprian Chelba

Argument Mining(AM) aims to uncover the argumentative structures within a text. Previous methods require several subtasks, such as span identification, component classification, and relation classification. Consequently, these methods need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Masayuki Kawarada , Tsutomu Hirao , Wataru Uchida , Masaaki Nagata

The field of Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) focuses on the intersection of technology, education, and psychology, placing a strong emphasis on supporting learners' needs with compassion and understanding. The growing prominence…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-14 John Stamper , Ruiwei Xiao , Xinying Hou

Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly tuned to power complex generation tasks such as writing, fact-seeking, querying and reasoning. Traditionally, human or model feedback for evaluating and further tuning LLM performance has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Yukti Makhija , Priyanka Agrawal , Rishi Saket , Aravindan Raghuveer

In this work, we present an approach based on combining string kernels and word embeddings for automatic essay scoring. String kernels capture the similarity among strings based on counting common character n-grams, which are a low-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-09 Mădălina Cozma , Andrei M. Butnaru , Radu Tudor Ionescu