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Long texts are ubiquitous on social platforms, yet readers often face information overload and struggle to locate key content. Comments provide valuable external perspectives for understanding, questioning, and complementing the text, but…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Shuai Chen , Lei Han , Haoran Zhang , Kaihao Liu , Zhaoman Zhong

Current automated speaking assessment (ASA) systems for use in multi-aspect evaluations often fail to make full use of content relevance, overlooking image or exemplar cues, and employ superficial grammar analysis that lacks detailed error…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Hao-Chien Lu , Jhen-Ke Lin , Hong-Yun Lin , Chung-Chun Wang , Berlin Chen

In essence, embedding algorithms work by optimizing the distance between a word and its usual context in order to generate an embedding space that encodes the distributional representation of words. In addition to single words or word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Andres Garcia-Silva , Ronald Denaux , Jose Manuel Gomez-Perez

BERT and its variants are extensively explored for automated scoring. However, a limit of 512 tokens for these encoder-based models showed the deficiency in automated scoring of long essays. Thus, this research explores generative language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Haowei Hua , Hong Jiao , Xinyi Wang

Automated essay scoring is one of the most important problem in Natural Language Processing. It has been explored for a number of years, and it remains partially solved. In addition to its economic and educational usefulness, it presents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Kshitij Gupta

Large Language Models (LLMs) challenge the validity of traditional open-ended assessments by blurring the lines of authorship. While recent research has focused on the accuracy of automated scoring (AES), these static approaches fail to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Tom Lee , Sihoon Lee , Seonghun Kim

Automatic grading is not a new approach but the need to adapt the latest technology to automatic grading has become very important. As the technology has rapidly became more powerful on scoring exams and essays, especially from the 1990s…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Neslihan Suzen , Alexander Gorban , Jeremy Levesley , Evgeny Mirkes

Although several methods were proposed to address the problem of automated essay scoring (AES) in the last 50 years, there is still much to desire in terms of effectiveness. Large Language Models (LLMs) are transformer-based models that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Watheq Mansour , Salam Albatarni , Sohaila Eltanbouly , Tamer Elsayed

Automated Text Scoring (ATS) provides a cost-effective and consistent alternative to human marking. However, in order to achieve good performance, the predictive features of the system need to be manually engineered by human experts. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Dimitrios Alikaniotis , Helen Yannakoudakis , Marek Rei

We describe a novel method for efficiently eliciting scalar annotations for dataset construction and system quality estimation by human judgments. We contrast direct assessment (annotators assign scores to items directly), online pairwise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Keisuke Sakaguchi , Benjamin Van Durme

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) and Automatic Essay Feedback (AEF) systems aim to reduce the workload of human raters in educational assessment. However, most existing systems prioritize numerical scoring accuracy over feedback quality and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Joaquín Jordán , Xavier Yin , Melissa Fabros , Gireeja Ranade , Narges Norouzi

The performance of current supervised AI systems is tightly connected to the availability of annotated datasets. Annotations are usually collected through annotation tools, which are often designed for specific tasks and are difficult to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Naihao Deng , Yikai Liu , Mingye Chen , Winston Wu , Siyang Liu , Yulong Chen , Yue Zhang , Rada Mihalcea

Assessing soft skills such as empathy, ethical judgment, and communication is essential in competitive selection processes, yet human scoring is often inconsistent and biased. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have improved Automated Essay…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ryan Huynh , Frank Guerin , Alison Callwood

This research investigates prompt designs of evaluating generated texts using large language models (LLMs). While LLMs are increasingly used for scoring various inputs, creating effective prompts for open-ended text evaluation remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 KuanChao Chu , Yi-Pei Chen , Hideki Nakayama

Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is a widely used Information Retrieval method based on "bag-of-words" assumption. However, according to general conception, syntax plays a role in representing meaning of sentences. Thus, enhancing LSA with…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Tuomo Kakkonen , Niko Myller , Erkki Sutinen

This study underscores the pivotal role of syntax feedback in augmenting the syntactic proficiency of students. Recognizing the challenges faced by learners in mastering syntactic nuances, we introduce a specialized dataset named…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Kamyar Zeinalipour , Mehak Mehak , Fatemeh Parsamotamed , Marco Maggini , Marco Gori

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using Artificial Intelligence (AI) to automate student assessment in education. Among different types of assessments, summative assessments play a crucial role in evaluating a student's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Dishank Aggarwal , Pritam Sil , Bhaskaran Raman , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Manually grading the Response to Text Assessment (RTA) is labor intensive. Therefore, an automatic method is being developed for scoring analytical writing when the RTA is administered in large numbers of classrooms. Our long-term goal is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Haoran Zhang , Diane Litman

Automated feedback systems have become increasingly integral to programming education, where learners engage in iterative cycles of code construction, testing, and refinement. Despite its wider integration in practices and technical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yeonji Jung , Yunseo Lee , Jiyeong Bae , DoYong Kim , Heungsoo Choi , Minji Kang , Unggi Lee

Multi-trait automated essay scoring (AES) systems provide a fine-grained evaluation of an essay's diverse aspects. While they excel in scoring, prior systems fail to explain why specific trait scores are assigned. This lack of transparency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Heejin Do , Sangwon Ryu , Gary Geunbae Lee