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Test-time augmentation -- the aggregation of predictions across transformed examples of test inputs -- is an established technique to improve the performance of image classification models. Importantly, TTA can be used to improve model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Helen Lu , Divya Shanmugam , Harini Suresh , John Guttag

Data augmentation is known to contribute significantly to the robustness of machine learning models. In most instances, data augmentation is utilized during the training phase. Test-Time Augmentation (TTA) is a technique that instead…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-20 Masanari Kimura , Howard Bondell

Test-time augmentation (TTA)--aggregating predictions over multiple augmented copies of a test input--is widely assumed to improve classification accuracy, particularly in medical imaging where it is routinely deployed in production systems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Daniel Nobrega Medeiros

Test-Time Augmentation (TTA) is a very powerful heuristic that takes advantage of data augmentation during testing to produce averaged output. Despite the experimental effectiveness of TTA, there is insufficient discussion of its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Masanari Kimura

Test-time augmentation (TTA) has become a promising approach for mitigating data sparsity in sequential recommendation by improving inference accuracy without requiring costly model retraining. However, existing TTA methods typically rely…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Xibo Li , Liang Zhang

Factual probing is a method that uses prompts to test if a language model "knows" certain world knowledge facts. A problem in factual probing is that small changes to the prompt can lead to large changes in model output. Previous work aimed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Go Kamoda , Benjamin Heinzerling , Keisuke Sakaguchi , Kentaro Inui

In this study, we introduce an intelligent Test Time Augmentation (TTA) algorithm designed to enhance the robustness and accuracy of image classification models against viewpoint variations. Unlike traditional TTA methods that…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-14 Efe Ozturk , Mohit Prabhushankar , Ghassan AlRegib

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have emerged as an interesting alternative to conventional material modeling approaches, particularly for nonlinear path dependent materials. Remarkable computational enhancements are obtained using RNNs…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Petter Uvdal , Mohsen Mirkhalaf

Data augmentation has become a promising method of mitigating data sparsity in sequential recommendation. Existing methods generate new yet effective data during model training to improve performance. However, deploying them requires…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Yizhou Dang , Yuting Liu , Enneng Yang , Minhan Huang , Guibing Guo , Jianzhe Zhao , Xingwei Wang

We propose Test-Time Augmentation (TTA) as an effective technique for addressing combinatorial optimization problems, including the Traveling Salesperson Problem. In general, deep learning models possessing the property of invariance, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Ryo Ishiyama , Takahiro Shirakawa , Seiichi Uchida , Shinnosuke Matsuo

Test-time adaptation (TTA) allows a model to be adapted to an unseen domain without accessing the source data. Due to the nature of practical environments, TTA has a limited amount of data for adaptation. Recent TTA methods further restrict…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Younggeol Cho , Youngrae Kim , Junho Yoon , Seunghoon Hong , Dongman Lee

Machine learning methods strive to acquire a robust model during the training process that can effectively generalize to test samples, even in the presence of distribution shifts. However, these methods often suffer from performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Jian Liang , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

Test-time training (TTT) methods explicitly update the weights of a model to adapt to the specific test instance, and they have found success in a variety of settings, including most recently language modeling and reasoning. To demystify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Halil Alperen Gozeten , M. Emrullah Ildiz , Xuechen Zhang , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi , Marco Mondelli , Samet Oymak

Real-world time series often exhibit a non-stationary nature, degrading the performance of pre-trained forecasting models. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adjusting models during inference, but existing methods typically update…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Heitor R. Medeiros , Hossein Sharifi-Noghabi , Gabriel L. Oliveira , Saghar Irandoust

Test-time adaptation (TTA) enhances the zero-shot robustness under distribution shifts by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. Despite notable advances, several challenges still limit its broader applicability. First, most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Youjia Zhang , Youngeun Kim , Young-Geun Choi , Hongyeob Kim , Huiling Liu , Sungeun Hong

Conventional test-time adaptation (TTA) approaches typically adapt the model using only a small fraction of test samples, often those with low-entropy predictions, thereby failing to fully leverage the available information in the test…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Nam Nguyen Phuong , Duc Nguyen The Minh , Phi Le Nguyen , Ehsan Abbasnejad , Minh Hoai

In this work, we propose a novel complementary learning approach to enhance test-time adaptation (TTA), which has been proven to exhibit good performance on testing data with distribution shifts such as corruptions. In test-time adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Jiayi Han , Longbin Zeng , Liang Du , Weiyang Ding , Jianfeng Feng

Test-time augmentation -- the aggregation of predictions across transformed versions of a test input -- is a common practice in image classification. Traditionally, predictions are combined using a simple average. In this paper, we present…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Divya Shanmugam , Davis Blalock , Guha Balakrishnan , John Guttag

Test-time adaptation (TTA) seeks to tackle potential distribution shifts between training and test data by adapting a given model w.r.t. any test sample. Although recent TTA has shown promising performance, we still face two key challenges:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Mingkui Tan , Guohao Chen , Jiaxiang Wu , Yifan Zhang , Yaofo Chen , Peilin Zhao , Shuaicheng Niu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a technique used to reduce distribution gaps between the training and testing sets by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. In this work, we expand TTA to a more practical scenario, where the test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Chenyan Wu , Yimu Pan , Yandong Li , James Z. Wang
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