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Many promising approaches to symbolic regression have been presented in recent years, yet progress in the field continues to suffer from a lack of uniform, robust, and transparent benchmarking standards. In this paper, we address this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-02 William La Cava , Patryk Orzechowski , Bogdan Burlacu , Fabrício Olivetti de França , Marco Virgolin , Ying Jin , Michael Kommenda , Jason H. Moore

Model-based approaches for (bio)process systems often suffer from incomplete knowledge of the underlying physical, chemical, or biological laws. Universal differential equations, which embed neural networks within differential equations,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-20 Arno Strouwen

We propose a novel deep symbolic regression approach to enhance the robustness and interpretability of data-driven mathematical expression discovery. Our work is aligned with the popular DSR framework which focuses on learning a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Zachary Bastiani , Robert M. Kirby , Jacob Hochhalter , Shandian Zhe

We study the modeling and prediction of dynamical systems based on conventional models derived from measurements. Such algorithms are highly desirable in situations where the underlying dynamics are hard to model from physical principles or…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2016-08-03 Markus Quade , Markus Abel , Kamran Shafi , Robert K. Niven , Bernd R. Noack

Discovering interpretable physical laws from high-dimensional data is a fundamental challenge in scientific research. Traditional methods, such as symbolic regression, often produce complex, unphysical formulas when searching a vast space…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Yifeng Guan , Chuyi Liu , Dongzhan Zhou , Lei Bai , Wan-jian Yin , Jingyuan Li , Mao Su

We consider the problem of learning free-form symbolic expressions from raw data, such as that produced by an experiment in any scientific domain. Accurate and interpretable models of scientific phenomena are the cornerstone of scientific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Nikos Arechiga , Francine Chen , Yan-Ying Chen , Yanxia Zhang , Rumen Iliev , Heishiro Toyoda , Kent Lyons

Networks are a powerful abstraction with applicability to a variety of scientific fields. Models explaining their morphology and growth processes permit a wide range of phenomena to be more systematically analysed and understood. At the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-27 Telmo Menezes , Camille Roth

The extensive adoption of Deep Neural Networks has led to their increased utilization in challenging scientific visualization tasks. Recent advancements in building compressed data models using implicit neural representations have shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Abhay Kumar Dwivedi , Shanu Saklani , Soumya Dutta

Symbolic regression, the task of extracting mathematical expressions from the observed data $\{ \vx_i, y_i \}$, plays a crucial role in scientific discovery. Despite the promising performance of existing methods, most of them conduct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Pengwei Jin , Di Huang , Rui Zhang , Xing Hu , Ziyuan Nan , Zidong Du , Qi Guo , Yunji Chen

Numerous phenomenological nuclear models have been proposed to describe specific observables within different regions of the nuclear chart. However, developing a unified model that describes the complex behavior of all nuclei remains an…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-05-14 Jose M. Munoz , Silviu M. Udrescu , Ronald F. Garcia Ruiz

Symbolic regression corresponds to an ensemble of techniques that allow to uncover an analytical equation from data. Through a closed form formula, these techniques provide great advantages such as potential scientific discovery of new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Ismail Alaoui Abdellaoui , Siamak Mehrkanoon

We present a hierarchical neuro-symbolic control framework that tightly couples a classical symbolic planner with a transformer-based policy to address long-horizon decision-making under uncertainty. At the high level, the planner assembles…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Ali Baheri , Cecilia O. Alm

Compact symbolic expressions have been shown to be more efficient than neural network models in terms of resource consumption and inference speed when implemented on custom hardware such as FPGAs, while maintaining comparable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Ho Fung Tsoi , Vladimir Loncar , Sridhara Dasu , Philip Harris

A core challenge for both physics and artificial intellicence (AI) is symbolic regression: finding a symbolic expression that matches data from an unknown function. Although this problem is likely to be NP-hard in principle, functions of…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-04-16 Silviu-Marian Udrescu , Max Tegmark

Analogical Reasoning problems challenge both connectionist and symbolic AI systems as these entail a combination of background knowledge, reasoning and pattern recognition. While symbolic systems ingest explicit domain knowledge and perform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Vishwa Shah , Aditya Sharma , Gautam Shroff , Lovekesh Vig , Tirtharaj Dash , Ashwin Srinivasan

A causal query will commonly not be identifiable from observed data, in which case no estimator of the query can be contrived without further assumptions or measured variables, regardless of the amount or precision of the measurements of…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-09 Michael C Sachs , Gustav Jonzon , Arvid Sjölander , Erin E Gabriel

We introduce Boolformer, a Transformer-based model trained to perform end-to-end symbolic regression of Boolean functions. First, we show that it can predict compact formulas for complex functions not seen during training, given their full…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Stéphane d'Ascoli , Arthur Renard , Vassilis Papadopoulos , Samy Bengio , Josh Susskind , Emmanuel Abbé

Symbolic regression (SR) has emerged as a powerful method for uncovering interpretable mathematical relationships from data, offering a novel route to both scientific discovery and efficient empirical modelling. This article introduces the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Deaglan J. Bartlett , Harry Desmond , Pedro G. Ferreira , Gabriel Kronberger

Large, pretrained language models infer powerful representations that encode rich semantic and syntactic content, albeit implicitly. In this work we introduce a novel neural language model that enforces, via inductive biases, explicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Ramsés J. Sánchez , Lukas Conrads , Pascal Welke , Kostadin Cvejoski , César Ojeda

Interpretable scientific machine learning often trades predictive performance for structural transparency. When physical targets arise from hierarchical and nonlinear descriptor entanglement, weakly interacting white-box models underfit,…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-03-30 Seong-Hoon Jang