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Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to exhibit vulnerabilities despite deliberate safety alignment efforts, posing significant risks to users and society. To safeguard against the risk of policy-violating content, system-level moderation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jingnan Zheng , Xiangtian Ji , Yijun Lu , Chenhang Cui , Weixiang Zhao , Gelei Deng , Zhenkai Liang , An Zhang , Tat-Seng Chua

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieved remarkable performance via chain-of-thought (CoT), but recent studies showed that such enhanced reasoning capabilities are at the expense of significantly degraded safety capabilities. In this paper,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jianan Chen , Zhifang Zhang , Shuo He , Linan Yue , Lei Feng , Minling Zhang

Recent advances in alignment techniques such as Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), and Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) have improved the safety of large language models (LLMs). However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Mengxuan Hu , Vivek V. Datla , Anoop Kumar , Zihan Guan , Sheng Li , Alfy Samuel , Daben Liu

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning and generation tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. However, their explicit chain-of-thought (CoT) mechanism introduces new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jianan Li , Simeng Qin , Xiaojun Jia , Lionel Z. Wang , Tianhang Zheng , Xiaoshuang Jia , Yang Liu , Xiaochun Cao

Creating high-quality clinical Chains-of-Thought (CoTs) is crucial for explainable medical Artificial Intelligence (AI) while constrained by data scarcity. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) can synthesize medical data, their clinical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Dou Liu , Ying Long , Sophia Zuoqiu , Di Liu , Kang Li , Yiting Lin , Hanyi Liu , Rong Yin , Tian Tang

The advent of tool-using LLM agents shifts safety monitoring from output moderation to auditing long, noisy interaction trajectories, where risk-critical evidence is sparse-making standard binary supervision poorly suited for credit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Lin Wang , Junfeng Fang , Dan Zhang , Fei Shen , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

The development of Long-CoT reasoning has advanced LLM performance across various tasks, including language understanding, complex problem solving, and code generation. This paradigm enables models to generate intermediate reasoning steps,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yanbo Wang , Yongcan Yu , Jian Liang , Ran He

From generating headlines to fabricating news, the Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically assessed by their final outputs, under the safety assumption that a refusal response signifies safe reasoning throughout the entire process.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Zhao Tong , Chunlin Gong , Yiping Zhang , Haichao Shi , Qiang Liu , Xingcheng Xu , Shu Wu , Xiao-Yu Zhang

We introduce RedDebate, a novel multi-agent debate framework that provides the foundation for Large Language Models (LLMs) to identify and mitigate their unsafe behaviours. Existing AI safety approaches often rely on costly human evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Ali Asad , Stephen Obadinma , Radin Shayanfar , Xiaodan Zhu

The rapid deployment of large language model (LLM)-based agents introduces a new class of risks, driven by their capacity for autonomous planning, multi-step tool integration, and emergent interactions. It raises some risk factors for…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Rafflesia Khan , Declan Joyce , Mansura Habiba

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, they remain highly susceptible to jailbreak attacks that undermine their safety alignment. Existing defense mechanisms typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yu Pan , Wenlong Yu , Tiejun Wu , Xiaohu Ye , Qiannan Si , Guangquan Xu , Bin Wu

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) show promise for autonomous driving, yet their struggle with hallucinations, inefficient reasoning, and limited real-world validation hinders accurate perception and robust step-by-step reasoning. To overcome…

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex problem-solving through Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, the multi-step nature of CoT introduces new safety challenges that extend beyond…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zihao Zhu , Xinyu Wu , Gehan Hu , Siwei Lyu , Ke Xu , Baoyuan Wu

Although Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have progressed in solving complex problems, their chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning often contains harmful content that can persist even when the final responses appear safe. We show that this issue…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yichi Zhang , Yue Ding , Jingwen Yang , Tianwei Luo , Dongbai Li , Ranjie Duan , Qiang Liu , Hang Su , Yinpeng Dong , Jun Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) have demonstrated immense potential in autonomous driving (AD) by offering human-like reasoning and open-world generalization. However, the excessive computational overhead and high…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ruoyu Yao , Ruiguo Zhong , Pei Liu , Mingxing Peng , Rui Yang , Jun Ma

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable general reasoning capabilities, holding significant potential for applications in the financial domain, a field that requires robust and reliable reasoning. It…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Xiaoke Zhao , Zhaowen Zhou , Lin Chen , Lihong Wang , Zhiyi Huang , Kaiyuan Zheng , Yanjun Zheng , Xiyang Du , Longfei Liao , Jiawei Liu , Xiang Qi , Bo Zhang , Peng Zhang , Wei Wang , Zhe Li

Reasoning is a cognitive process of using evidence to reach a sound conclusion. The reasoning capability is essential for large language models (LLMs) to serve as the brain of the artificial general intelligence agent. Recent studies reveal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Peiyi Wang , Lei Li , Liang Chen , Feifan Song , Binghuai Lin , Yunbo Cao , Tianyu Liu , Zhifang Sui

Recent work has highlighted the importance of monitoring chain-of-thought reasoning for AI safety; however, current approaches that analyze textual reasoning steps can miss subtle harmful patterns and may be circumvented by models that hide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Antonio-Gabriel Chacón Menke , Phan Xuan Tan , Eiji Kamioka

While reasoning technology like Chain of Thought (CoT) has been widely adopted in Vision Language Action (VLA) models, it demonstrates promising capabilities in end to end autonomous driving. However, recent efforts to integrate CoT…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Yuechen Luo , Fang Li , Shaoqing Xu , Zhiyi Lai , Lei Yang , Qimao Chen , Ziang Luo , Zixun Xie , Shengyin Jiang , Jiaxin Liu , Long Chen , Bing Wang , Zhi-xin Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated powerful reasoning capabilities through Chain-of-Thought (CoT) in various tasks, yet the inefficiency of token-by-token generation hinders real-world deployment in latency-sensitive recommender…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yiwen Chen , Fuwei Zhang , Zehao Chen , Deqing Wang , Hehan Li , Peizhi Xu , Hanmeng Liu , Shuanglong Li , Xin Pei , Fuzhen Zhuang , Zhao Zhang
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