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Large language models with long context windows can answer complex questions directly from full-length academic, technical, and policy documents, but passing entire documents is often costly, slow, and can degrade answer quality while…

Given the growing trend of many organizations integrating Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) into their operations, we assess RAG on domain-specific data and test state-of-the-art models across various optimization techniques. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Anum Afzal , Juraj Vladika , Gentrit Fazlija , Andrei Staradubets , Florian Matthes

PDF files are primarily intended for human reading rather than automated processing. In addition, the heterogeneous content of PDFs, such as text, tables, and images, poses significant challenges for parsing and information extraction. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Omar El Bachyr , Yewei Song , Saad Ezzini , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé , Anas Zilali , Ulrick Ble , Anne Goujon

Recently, Memory-based Neural Recommenders (MNR) have demonstrated superior predictive accuracy in the task of sequential recommendations, particularly for modeling long-term item dependencies. However, typical MNR requires complex memory…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Shilin Qu , Fajie Yuan , Guibing Guo , Liguang Zhang , Wei Wei

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for long-context question answering is bottlenecked by inference-time prefilling over large retrieved contexts. A common strategy is to precompute key-value (KV) caches for individual documents and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Xin Teng , Canyu Zhang , Shaoyi Zheng , Danyang Zhuo , Tianyi Zhou , Shengjie Wang

In this paper, we introduce Technical-Embeddings, a novel framework designed to optimize semantic retrieval in technical documentation, with applications in both hardware and software development. Our approach addresses the challenges of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Songjiang Lai , Tsun-Hin Cheung , Ka-Chun Fung , Kaiwen Xue , Kwan-Ho Lin , Yan-Ming Choi , Vincent Ng , Kin-Man Lam

Graph-RAG constructs a knowledge graph from text chunks to improve retrieval in Large Language Model (LLM)-based question answering. It is particularly useful in domains such as biomedicine, law, and political science, where retrieval often…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Yiqian Huang , Shiqi Zhang , Xiaokui Xiao

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) couples document retrieval with large language models (LLMs). While scaling generators often improves accuracy, it also increases inference and deployment overhead. We study an orthogonal axis: enlarging…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jingjie Ning , Yibo Kong , Yunfan Long , Jamie Callan

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) utilizes external knowledge to augment Large Language Models' (LLMs) reliability. For flexibility, agentic RAG employs autonomous, multi-round retrieval and reasoning to resolve queries. Although recent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Chao Zhang , Yuhao Wang , Derong Xu , Haoxin Zhang , Yuanjie Lyu , Yuhao Chen , Shuochen Liu , Tong Xu , Xiangyu Zhao , Yan Gao , Yao Hu , Enhong Chen

We present a new benchmark for evaluating Deep Search--a realistic and complex form of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) that requires source-aware, multi-hop reasoning over diverse, sparsed, but related sources. These include documents,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Prafulla Kumar Choubey , Xiangyu Peng , Shilpa Bhagavath , Kung-Hsiang Huang , Caiming Xiong , Chien-Sheng Wu

In this study, we compare the performance of four text chunking approaches: Recursive, Khmer-Aware, Sentence-Based, and LLM-Based within a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) framework applied to Khmer agricultural documents. The document…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Sovandara Chhoun , Pichdara Po , Sereiwathna Ros , Wan-Sup Cho , Saksonita Khoeurn

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has shown significant improvements in various natural language processing tasks by integrating the strengths of large language models (LLMs) and external knowledge databases. However, RAG introduces long…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Chao Jin , Zili Zhang , Xuanlin Jiang , Fangyue Liu , Xin Liu , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin

The scaling of inference computation has unlocked the potential of long-context large language models (LLMs) across diverse settings. For knowledge-intensive tasks, the increased compute is often allocated to incorporate more external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Zhenrui Yue , Honglei Zhuang , Aijun Bai , Kai Hui , Rolf Jagerman , Hansi Zeng , Zhen Qin , Dong Wang , Xuanhui Wang , Michael Bendersky

Recent advancements in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) have enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to access multimodal knowledge bases containing both text and visual information such as charts, diagrams, and tables in financial…

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architectures have recently garnered significant attention for their ability to improve truth grounding and coherence in natural language processing tasks. However, the reliability of RAG systems in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Joel Suro

Accurate and efficient access to laboratory protocols is essential in Anatomical Pathology (AP), where up to 70% of medical decisions depend on laboratory diagnoses. However, static documentation such as printed manuals or PDFs is often…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Diogo Pires , Yuriy Perezhohin , Mauro Castelli

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models by incorporating context retrieved from external knowledge sources. While the effectiveness of the retrieval module is typically evaluated with relevance-based ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jia-Huei Ju , Suzan Verberne , Maarten de Rijke , Andrew Yates

Pairing a lexical retriever with a neural re-ranking model has set state-of-the-art performance on large-scale information retrieval datasets. This pipeline covers scenarios like question answering or navigational queries, however, for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Tim Baumgärtner , Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Nils Reimers , Iryna Gurevych

Long context fine-tuning of large language models(LLMs) involves training on datasets that are predominantly composed of short sequences and a small proportion of longer sequences. However, existing approaches overlook this long-tail…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Xiulong Yuan , Hongtao Xu , Wenting Shen , Ang Wang , Xiafei Qiu , Jie Zhang , Yuqiong Liu , Bowen Yu , Junyang Lin , Mingzhen Li , Weile Jia , Yong Li , Wei Lin

Long text classification is challenging for Large Language Models (LLMs) due to token limits and high computational costs. This study explores whether a Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) approach using only the most relevant text…