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Designing strategyproof mechanisms for multi-facility location that optimize social costs based on agent preferences had been challenging due to the extensive domain knowledge required and poor worst-case guarantees. Recently, deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Nguyen Thach , Fei Liu , Houyu Zhou , Hau Chan

Today's large language models (LLMs) are trained to align with user preferences through methods such as reinforcement learning. Yet models are beginning to be deployed not merely to satisfy users, but also to generate revenue for the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Addison J. Wu , Ryan Liu , Shuyue Stella Li , Yulia Tsvetkov , Thomas L. Griffiths

Large language models (LLMs) have recently attracted considerable interest for their ability to perform complex reasoning tasks, such as chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. However, most of the existing approaches to enhance this ability rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Xinyi Wang , Lucas Caccia , Oleksiy Ostapenko , Xingdi Yuan , William Yang Wang , Alessandro Sordoni

Sparse attention mechanisms aim to reduce computational overhead with minimal accuracy loss by selectively processing salient tokens. Despite their effectiveness, most methods merely exploit a model's inherent sparsity and thus plateau at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Feng Chen , Yefei He , Lequan Lin , Chenhui Gou , Jing Liu , Bohan Zhuang , Qi Wu

Large language models (LLMs) achieve state-of-the-art accuracy on complex reasoning tasks by generating multiple chain-of-thought (CoT) traces, but using a fixed token budget per query leads to over-computation on easy inputs and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Katrina Brown , Aneesh Muppidi , Rana Shahout

As post-training techniques evolve, large language models (LLMs) are increasingly augmented with structured multi-step reasoning abilities, often optimized through reinforcement learning. These reasoning-enhanced models outperform standard…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Guoheng Sun , Ziyao Wang , Bowei Tian , Meng Liu , Zheyu Shen , Shwai He , Yexiao He , Wanghao Ye , Yiting Wang , Ang Li

Prompting Large Language Models (LLMs) performs impressively in zero- and few-shot settings. Hence, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that cannot afford the cost of creating large task-specific training datasets, but also the cost…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Ilias Stogiannidis , Stavros Vassos , Prodromos Malakasiotis , Ion Androutsopoulos

Being prompted to engage in reasoning has emerged as a core technique for using large language models (LLMs), deploying additional inference-time compute to improve task performance. However, as LLMs increase in both size and adoption,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 C. Nicolò De Sabbata , Theodore R. Sumers , Badr AlKhamissi , Antoine Bosselut , Thomas L. Griffiths

While the success of large language models (LLMs) increases demand for machine-generated text, current pay-per-token pricing schemes create a misalignment of incentives known in economics as moral hazard: Text-generating agents have strong…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Eden Saig , Ohad Einav , Inbal Talgam-Cohen

Relative to English, low-resource languages suffer from substantial tokenization premiums in modern LMs, meaning that it generally requires several times as many tokens to encode a sentence in a low-resource language than to encode the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Geoffrey Churchill , Steven Skiena

We argue that Large language models (LLMs) will soon alter the economics of cyberattacks. Instead of attacking the most commonly used software and monetizing exploits by targeting the lowest common denominator among victims, LLMs enable…

Modern large language model (LLM) services increasingly rely on complex, often abstract operations, such as multi-step reasoning and multi-agent collaboration, to generate high-quality outputs. While users are billed based on token…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Guoheng Sun , Ziyao Wang , Xuandong Zhao , Bowei Tian , Zheyu Shen , Yexiao He , Jinming Xing , Ang Li

Most flagship language models generate explicit reasoning chains, enabling inference-time scaling. However, producing these reasoning chains increases token usage (i.e., reasoning tokens), which in turn increases latency and costs. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Abhinav Kumar , Jaechul Roh , Ali Naseh , Marzena Karpinska , Mohit Iyyer , Amir Houmansadr , Eugene Bagdasarian

This article introduces the concept of the algorithmic unconscious to designate the set of structural determinations that operate within large language models (LLMs) without being accessible either to the model's own reflexivity or to that…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Philippe Boisnard

In recent years, large language models have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse tasks. However, their task effectiveness is heavily dependent on the prompting strategy used to elicit output, which can vary widely in both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Chris Sypherd , Sergei Petrov , Sonny George , Vaishak Belle

The computational and energy costs of Large Language Models (LLMs) have increased exponentially driven by the growing model sizes and the massive adoption of LLMs by hundreds of millions of users. The unit cost of an LLM is the computation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Raquel Ferrando , Javier Conde , Gonzalo Martínez , Pedro Reviriego

Standard evaluations of Large language models (LLMs) focus on task performance, offering limited insight into whether correct behavior reflects appropriate underlying mechanisms and risking confirmation bias. We introduce a simple,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Zoë Prins , Samuele Punzo , Frank Wildenburg , Giovanni Cinà , Sandro Pezzelle

Providers of LLM-as-a-service have predominantly adopted a simple pricing model: users pay a fixed price per token. Consequently, one may think that the price two different users would pay for the same output string under the same input…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Ivi Chatzi , Nina Corvelo Benz , Stratis Tsirtsis , Manuel Gomez-Rodriguez

Recent advancements in large language models(LLMs), such as GPT-4 and GPT-4o, have shown exceptional performance, especially in languages with abundant resources like English, thanks to extensive datasets that ensure robust training.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Jin Yang , Zhiqiang Wang , Yanbin Lin , Zunduo Zhao

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the tokenization techniques employed by state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) and their implications on the cost and availability of services across different languages, especially low…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Abrar Rahman , Garry Bowlin , Binit Mohanty , Sean McGunigal