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For human cognitive process, spatial reasoning and perception are closely entangled, yet the nature of this interplay remains underexplored in the evaluation of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). While recent MLLM advancements show…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Chengzu Li , Wenshan Wu , Huanyu Zhang , Qingtao Li , Zeyu Gao , Yan Xia , José Hernández-Orallo , Ivan Vulić , Furu Wei

Recently spatial-temporal intelligence of Visual-Language Models (VLMs) has attracted much attention due to its importance for autonomous driving, embodied AI and general AI. Existing spatial-temporal benchmarks mainly focus on egocentric…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Qinghongbing Xie , Zhaoyuan Xia , Feng Zhu , Lijun Gong , Ziyue Li , Rui Zhao , Long Zeng

Significant research efforts have been made to scale and improve vision-language model (VLM) training approaches. Yet, with an ever-growing number of benchmarks, researchers are tasked with the heavy burden of implementing each protocol,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Haider Al-Tahan , Quentin Garrido , Randall Balestriero , Diane Bouchacourt , Caner Hazirbas , Mark Ibrahim

Spatial reasoning ability is crucial for Vision Language Models (VLMs) to support real-world applications in diverse domains including robotics, augmented reality, and autonomous navigation. Unfortunately, existing benchmarks are inadequate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xinmiao Huang , Qisong He , Zhenglin Huang , Boxuan Wang , Zhuoyun Li , Guangliang Cheng , Yi Dong , Xiaowei Huang

The Theory of Multiple Intelligences underscores the hierarchical nature of cognitive capabilities. To advance Spatial Artificial Intelligence, we pioneer a psychometric framework defining five Basic Spatial Abilities (BSAs) in Visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Wenrui Xu , Dalin Lyu , Weihang Wang , Jie Feng , Chen Gao , Yong Li

Understanding multi-image, multi-turn scenarios is a critical yet underexplored capability for Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). Existing benchmarks predominantly focus on static or horizontal comparisons -- e.g., spotting visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Wenbo Lyu , Yingjun Du , Jinglin Zhao , Xianton Zhen , Ling Shao

Recent advances in LVLMs have improved vision-language understanding, but they still struggle with spatial perception, limiting their ability to reason about complex 3D scenes. Unlike previous approaches that incorporate 3D representations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jiahui Zhang , Yurui Chen , Yanpeng Zhou , Yueming Xu , Ze Huang , Jilin Mei , Junhui Chen , Yu-Jie Yuan , Xinyue Cai , Guowei Huang , Xingyue Quan , Hang Xu , Li Zhang

Capturing spatial relationships from visual inputs is a cornerstone of human-like general intelligence. Several previous studies have tried to enhance the spatial awareness of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) by adding extra expert encoders,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Rui Yang , Ziyu Zhu , Yanwei Li , Jingjia Huang , Shen Yan , Siyuan Zhou , Zhe Liu , Xiangtai Li , Shuangye Li , Wenqian Wang , Yi Lin , Hengshuang Zhao

Large vision-and-language models (VLMs) trained to match images with text on large-scale datasets of image-text pairs have shown impressive generalization ability on several vision and language tasks. Several recent works, however, showed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Navid Rajabi , Jana Kosecka

Verifiable geometric reasoning is a critical component for trustworthy and controllable agentic AI. Despite impressive capabilities, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) often fail under realistic scene changes. We present Tri-Bench, a compact…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Amit Bendkhale

The emergence of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) has significantly advanced video understanding capabilities. However, existing benchmarks focus predominantly on coarse-grained tasks such as action segmentation, classification,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Aditya Chetan , Eric Cai , Peeyush Kushwaha , Bharath Raj Nagoor Kani , Utkarsh Mall , Qianqian Wang , Noah Snavely , Bharath Hariharan

Geometric problem solving constitutes a critical branch of mathematical reasoning, requiring precise analysis of shapes and spatial relationships. Current evaluations of geometric reasoning in vision-language models (VLMs) face limitations,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Yuan Feng , Yue Yang , Xiaohan He , Jiatong Zhao , Jianlong Chen , Zijun Chen , Daocheng Fu , Qi Liu , Renqiu Xia , Bo Zhang , Junchi Yan

New era has unlocked exciting possibilities for extending Large Language Models (LLMs) to tackle 3D vision-language tasks. However, most existing 3D multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) rely on compressing holistic 3D scene information or segmenting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Xiaoyan Wang , Zeju Li , Yifan Xu , Jiaxing Qi , Zhifei Yang , Ruifei Ma , Xiangde Liu , Chao Zhang

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved impressive performance in cross-modal understanding across textual and visual inputs, yet existing benchmarks predominantly focus on pure-text queries. In real-world scenarios, language also…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Qing'an Liu , Juntong Feng , Yuhao Wang , Xinzhe Han , Yujie Cheng , Yue Zhu , Haiwen Diao , Yunzhi Zhuge , Huchuan Lu

Cross-view spatial reasoning is essential for embodied AI, underpinning spatial understanding, mental simulation and planning in complex environments. Existing benchmarks primarily emphasize indoor or street settings, overlooking the unique…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Haotian Xu , Yue Hu , Zhengqiu Zhu , Chen Gao , Ziyou Wang , Junreng Rao , Wenhao Lu , Weishi Li , Quanjun Yin , Yong Li

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have been increasingly applied in real-world scenarios due to their outstanding understanding and reasoning capabilities. Although VLMs have already demonstrated impressive capabilities in common visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yuechen Xie , Xiaoyan Zhang , Yicheng Shan , Hao Zhu , Rui Tang , Rong Wei , Mingli Song , Yuanyu Wan , Jie Song

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly applied in real-world scenarios where user-provided images are often imperfect, requiring active image manipulations such as cropping, editing, or enhancement to uncover salient…

Are current Vision Language Models (VLMs) ready to comprehend and reason about complex embodied interactions in 3D environments? We introduce Embodied3DBench, a robot-centric benchmark targeting low-level spatial intelligence in embodied 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jiyao Zhang , Mingxu Zhang , Yitong Peng , Haoxuan Liu , Chenshuo Wang , Yuxing Long , Haoyang Huang , Dongjiang Li , Nan Duan , Hui Shen , Hao Dong

While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel at many vision tasks, it is unknown if they exhibit human-like perceptual behaviors. To evaluate this, we introduce HVSBench, the first large-scale benchmark with over 85,000 samples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Jiaying Lin , Shuquan Ye , Dan Xu , Wanli Ouyang , Rynson W. H. Lau

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence and robotics due to their commonsense reasoning capabilities. In robotic manipulation, VLMs are used primarily as high-level planners, but recent work has also…