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Multimodal emotion recognition is an important research topic in artificial intelligence, whose main goal is to integrate multimodal clues to identify human emotional states. Current works generally assume accurate labels for benchmark…

The recognition of emotion and dialogue acts enriches conversational analysis and help to build natural dialogue systems. Emotion interpretation makes us understand feelings and dialogue acts reflect the intentions and performative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Chandrakant Bothe , Cornelius Weber , Sven Magg , Stefan Wermter

The predictive performance of supervised learning algorithms depends on the quality of labels. In a typical label collection process, multiple annotators provide subjective noisy estimates of the "truth" under the influence of their varying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Ryutaro Tanno , Ardavan Saeedi , Swami Sankaranarayanan , Daniel C. Alexander , Nathan Silberman

Time-continuous dimensional descriptions of emotions (e.g., arousal, valence) allow researchers to characterize short-time changes and to capture long-term trends in emotion expression. However, continuous emotion labels are generally not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-22 Soheil Khorram , Melvin G McInnis , Emily Mower Provost

Multimodal emotion recognition is an important research topic in artificial intelligence. Over the past few decades, researchers have made remarkable progress by increasing the dataset size and building more effective algorithms. However,…

Data lies at the core of modern deep learning. The impressive performance of supervised learning is built upon a base of massive accurately labeled data. However, in some real-world applications, accurate labeling might not be viable;…

Supervised classification heavily depends on datasets annotated by humans. However, in subjective tasks such as toxicity classification, these annotations often exhibit low agreement among raters. Annotations have commonly been aggregated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Negar Mokhberian , Myrl G. Marmarelis , Frederic R. Hopp , Valerio Basile , Fred Morstatter , Kristina Lerman

Since state-of-the-art approaches to offensive language detection rely on supervised learning, it is crucial to quickly adapt them to the continuously evolving scenario of social media. While several approaches have been proposed to tackle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Elisa Leonardelli , Stefano Menini , Alessio Palmero Aprosio , Marco Guerini , Sara Tonelli

Building an accurate computer-aided diagnosis system based on data-driven approaches requires a large amount of high-quality labeled data. In medical imaging analysis, multiple expert annotators often produce subjective estimates about…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Khiem H. Le , Tuan V. Tran , Hieu H. Pham , Hieu T. Nguyen , Tung T. Le , Ha Q. Nguyen

In emotion recognition in conversation (ERC), the emotion of the current utterance is predicted by considering the previous context, which can be utilized in many natural language processing tasks. Although multiple emotions can coexist in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Joosung Lee

In this paper, we address the limitations of the common data annotation and training methods for objective single-label classification tasks. Typically, when annotating such tasks annotators are only asked to provide a single label for each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Ben Wu , Yue Li , Yida Mu , Carolina Scarton , Kalina Bontcheva , Xingyi Song

Speech emotion recognition is the task of recognizing the speaker's emotional state given a recording of their utterance. While most of the current approaches focus on inferring emotion from isolated utterances, we argue that this is not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Raghavendra Pappagari , Piotr Żelasko , Jesús Villalba , Laureano Moro-Velazquez , Najim Dehak

Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) aims to help the machine to understand human's subjective emotion from only audio information. However, extracting and utilizing comprehensive in-depth audio information is still a challenging task. In this…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Heqing Zou , Yuke Si , Chen Chen , Deepu Rajan , Eng Siong Chng

Emotion recognition algorithms rely on data annotated with high quality labels. However, emotion expression and perception are inherently subjective. There is generally not a single annotation that can be unambiguously declared "correct".…

Supervised deep learning depends on massive accurately annotated examples, which is usually impractical in many real-world scenarios. A typical alternative is learning from multiple noisy annotators. Numerous earlier works assume that all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Shikun Li , Tongliang Liu , Jiyong Tan , Dan Zeng , Shiming Ge

Medical image segmentation annotations suffer from inter- and intra-observer variations even among experts due to intrinsic differences in human annotators and ambiguous boundaries. Leveraging a collection of annotators' opinions for an…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-04 Zahra Mirikharaji , Kumar Abhishek , Saeed Izadi , Ghassan Hamarneh

Music emotion recognition (MER) aims to identify the emotions conveyed in a given musical piece. However, currently, in the field of MER, the available public datasets have limited sample sizes. Recently, segment-based methods for…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Yifu Sun , Xulong Zhang , Monan Zhou , Wei Li

Text emotion detection constitutes a crucial foundation for advancing artificial intelligence from basic comprehension to the exploration of emotional reasoning. Most existing emotion detection datasets rely on manual annotations, which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jingyi Zhou , Senlin Luo , Haofan Chen

High-quality data is necessary for modern machine learning. However, the acquisition of such data is difficult due to noisy and ambiguous annotations of humans. The aggregation of such annotations to determine the label of an image leads to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Lars Schmarje , Vasco Grossmann , Claudius Zelenka , Sabine Dippel , Rainer Kiko , Mariusz Oszust , Matti Pastell , Jenny Stracke , Anna Valros , Nina Volkmann , Reinhard Koch

Learning algorithms normally assume that there is at most one annotation or label per data point. However, in some scenarios, such as medical diagnosis and on-line collaboration,multiple annotations may be available. In either case,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-03-19 Yan Yan , Romer Rosales , Glenn Fung , Jennifer Dy