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The growing industrial demand for customized and cost-efficient large language models (LLMs) is fueled by the rise of vertical, domain-specific tasks and the need to optimize performance under constraints such as latency and budget.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ziming Dai , Tuo Zhang , Fei Gao , Xingyi Cai , Xiaofei Wang , Cheng Zhang , Wenyu Wang , Chengjie Zang

Kullback-Leiber divergence has been widely used in Knowledge Distillation (KD) to compress Large Language Models (LLMs). Contrary to prior assertions that reverse Kullback-Leibler (RKL) divergence is mode-seeking and thus preferable over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Taiqiang Wu , Chaofan Tao , Jiahao Wang , Runming Yang , Zhe Zhao , Ngai Wong

Knowledge distillation (KD) has become an important technique for model compression and knowledge transfer. In this work, we first perform a comprehensive analysis of the knowledge transferred by different KD methods. We demonstrate that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Fei Ding , Yin Yang , Hongxin Hu , Venkat Krovi , Feng Luo

Top-performing machine learning systems, such as deep neural networks, large ensembles and complex probabilistic graphical models, can be expensive to store, slow to evaluate and hard to integrate into larger systems. Ideally, we would like…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-10-09 George Papamakarios

In many practical applications, large language models (LLMs) need to acquire new knowledge not present in their pre-training data. Efficiently leveraging this knowledge usually relies on supervised fine-tuning or retrieval-augmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Kalle Kujanpää , Pekka Marttinen , Harri Valpola , Alexander Ilin

Alignment techniques enable Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate outputs that align with human preferences and play a crucial role in their effectiveness. However, their impact often diminishes when applied to Small Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Shiping Gao , Fanqi Wan , Jiajian Guo , Xiaojun Quan , Qifan Wang

Deep pre-training and fine-tuning models (like BERT, OpenAI GPT) have demonstrated excellent results in question answering areas. However, due to the sheer amount of model parameters, the inference speed of these models is very slow. How to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Ze Yang , Linjun Shou , Ming Gong , Wutao Lin , Daxin Jiang

Knowledge distillation (KD) is commonly deemed as an effective model compression technique in which a compact model (student) is trained under the supervision of a larger pretrained model or an ensemble of models (teacher). Various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Fahad Sarfraz , Elahe Arani , Bahram Zonooz

We introduce the problem of continual distillation learning (CDL) in order to use knowledge distillation (KD) to improve prompt-based continual learning (CL) models. The CDL problem is valuable to study since the use of a larger vision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Qifan Zhang , Yunhui Guo , Yu Xiang

Logit-based knowledge distillation (KD) for classification is cost-efficient compared to feature-based KD but often subject to inferior performance. Recently, it was shown that the performance of logit-based KD can be improved by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Hyungkeun Park , Jong-Seok Lee

Recent end-to-end approaches have shown promise in extending large language models (LLMs) to speech inputs, but face limitations in directly assessing and optimizing alignment quality and fail to achieve fine-grained alignment due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Chen Wang , Minpeng Liao , Zhongqiang Huang , Jiajun Zhang

Knowledge distillation (KD) is one of the prominent techniques for model compression. In this method, the knowledge of a large network (teacher) is distilled into a model (student) with usually significantly fewer parameters. KD tries to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Aref Jafari , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Ali Ghodsi

Knowledge Distillation (KD) uses the teacher's prediction logits as soft labels to guide the student, while self-KD does not need a real teacher to require the soft labels. This work unifies the formulations of the two tasks by decomposing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Zhendong Yang , Ailing Zeng , Zhe Li , Tianke Zhang , Chun Yuan , Yu Li

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) rely on contextual embeddings which generate different (continuous) representations for the same token depending on its surrounding context. Nonetheless, words and tokens typically have a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Qitong Wang , Mohammed J. Zaki , Georgios Kollias , Vasileios Kalantzis

Over the past year, the emergence of transfer learning with large-scale language models (LM) has led to dramatic performance improvements across a broad range of natural language understanding tasks. However, the size and memory footprint…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Luke Melas-Kyriazi , George Han , Celine Liang

Accurate clinical diagnosis requires extensive domain knowledge and complex clinical reasoning capabilities. Although large language models (LLMs) hold great potential for clinical reasoning, their high computational and memory requirements…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xinchun Su , Chunxu Luo , Lipeng Ma , Yixuan Li , Weidong Yang

Distillation has shown remarkable success in transferring knowledge from a Large Language Model (LLM) teacher to a student LLM. However, current distillation methods require similar tokenizers between the teacher and the student,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Benjamin Minixhofer , Ivan Vulić , Edoardo Maria Ponti

Knowledge distillation (KD) has shown great promise in transferring knowledge from larger teacher models to smaller student models. However, existing KD strategies for large language models often minimize output distributions between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Yuncheng Song , Liang Ding , Changtong Zan , Shujian Huang

Large language models (LLMs) learn contextual embeddings that capture rich semantic information, yet they often overlook structured lexical knowledge such as word senses and relationships. Prior work has shown that incorporating sense…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Qitong Wang , Mohammed J. Zaki , Georgios Kollias , Vasileios Kalantzis

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has achieved remarkable success across various speech-processing tasks. To enhance its efficiency, previous works often leverage the use of compression techniques. A notable recent attempt is DPHuBERT, which…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-27 Luca Zampierin , Ghouthi Boukli Hacene , Bac Nguyen , Mirco Ravanelli