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We study theoretical guarantees for solving linear systems in-context using a linear transformer architecture. For in-domain generalization, we provide neural scaling laws that bound the generalization error in terms of the number of tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Frank Cole , Yulong Lu , Wuzhe Xu , Tianhao Zhang

Pre-trained large language models based on Transformers have demonstrated remarkable in-context learning (ICL) abilities. With just a few demonstration examples, the models can implement new tasks without any parameter updates. However, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Ruifeng Ren , Yong Liu

Large transformer-based models are able to perform in-context few-shot learning, without being explicitly trained for it. This observation raises the question: what aspects of the training regime lead to this emergent behavior? Here, we…

Simple function classes have emerged as toy problems to better understand in-context-learning in transformer-based architectures used for large language models. But previously proposed simple function classes like linear regression or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Max Wilcoxson , Morten Svendgård , Ria Doshi , Dylan Davis , Reya Vir , Anant Sahai

Large language models have exhibited intriguing in-context learning capability, achieving promising zero- and few-shot performance without updating the parameters. However, conventional in-context learning is usually restricted by length…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Yaru Hao , Yutao Sun , Li Dong , Zhixiong Han , Yuxian Gu , Furu Wei

We aim to bridge the gap between typical human and machine-learning environments by extending the standard framework of few-shot learning to an online, continual setting. In this setting, episodes do not have separate training and testing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Mengye Ren , Michael L. Iuzzolino , Michael C. Mozer , Richard S. Zemel

Humans are able to seamlessly visually imitate others, by inferring their intentions and using past experience to achieve the same end goal. In other words, we can parse complex semantic knowledge from raw video and efficiently translate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Sudeep Dasari , Abhinav Gupta

In this paper, we explore the potential of visual in-context learning to enable a single model to handle multiple tasks and adapt to new tasks during test time without re-training. Unlike previous approaches, our focus is on training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Simon Reiß , Zdravko Marinov , Alexander Jaus , Constantin Seibold , M. Saquib Sarfraz , Erik Rodner , Rainer Stiefelhagen

Recent Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) demonstrate in-context learning ability to perform various functions based solely on the provided context, without updating model parameters. To fully utilize the in-context capabilities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Jiecheng Lu , Yan Sun , Shihao Yang

Transformers are deep architectures that define "in-context mappings" which enable predicting new tokens based on a given set of tokens (such as a prompt in NLP applications or a set of patches for a vision transformer). In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Takashi Furuya , Maarten V. de Hoop , Gabriel Peyré

The remarkable capability of Transformers to do reasoning and few-shot learning, without any fine-tuning, is widely conjectured to stem from their ability to implicitly simulate a multi-step algorithms -- such as gradient descent -- with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Khashayar Gatmiry , Nikunj Saunshi , Sashank J. Reddi , Stefanie Jegelka , Sanjiv Kumar

Transformers robustly exhibit the ability to perform in-context learning, whereby their predictive accuracy on a task can increase not by parameter updates but merely with the placement of training samples in their context windows. Recent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-10 Abhiti Mishra , Yash Patel , Ambuj Tewari

In-context learning, as a new paradigm in NLP, allows the model to rapidly adapt to various tasks with only a handful of prompts and examples. But in computer vision, the difficulties for in-context learning lie in that tasks vary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Xinlong Wang , Wen Wang , Yue Cao , Chunhua Shen , Tiejun Huang

According to the principle of compositional generalization, the meaning of a complex expression can be understood as a function of the meaning of its parts and of how they are combined. This principle is crucial for human language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Sungjun Han , Sebastian Padó

Selecting or designing an appropriate domain adaptation algorithm for a given problem remains challenging. This paper presents a Transformer model that can provably approximate and opt for domain adaptation methods for a given dataset in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Ryuichiro Hataya , Kota Matsui , Masaaki Imaizumi

Transformers have achieved state-of-the-art performance in language modeling tasks. However, the reasons behind their tremendous success are still unclear. In this paper, towards a better understanding, we train a Transformer model on a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-06 Michael E. Sander , Raja Giryes , Taiji Suzuki , Mathieu Blondel , Gabriel Peyré

With the increasing ability of large language models (LLMs), in-context learning (ICL) has evolved as a new paradigm for natural language processing (NLP), where instead of fine-tuning the parameters of an LLM specific to a downstream task…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Andrew Parry , Debasis Ganguly , Manish Chandra

Interest in larger-context neural machine translation, including document-level and multi-modal translation, has been growing. Multiple works have proposed new network architectures or evaluation schemes, but potentially helpful context is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-13 Sébastien Jean , Kyunghyun Cho

Few-shot fine-tuning and in-context learning are two alternative strategies for task adaptation of pre-trained language models. Recently, in-context learning has gained popularity over fine-tuning due to its simplicity and improved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Marius Mosbach , Tiago Pimentel , Shauli Ravfogel , Dietrich Klakow , Yanai Elazar

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art results on many visual recognition tasks. However, current CNN models still exhibit a poor ability to be invariant to spatial transformations of images. Intuitively, with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-04 Xu Shen , Xinmei Tian , Anfeng He , Shaoyan Sun , Dacheng Tao