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Multi-step symbolic reasoning is essential for robust financial analysis; yet, current benchmarks largely overlook this capability. Existing datasets such as FinQA and ConvFinQA emphasize final numerical answers while neglecting the…

Legal multi-label classification is a critical task for organizing and accessing the vast amount of legal documentation. Despite its importance, it faces challenges such as the complexity of legal language, intricate label dependencies, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Emily Johnson , Xavier Holt , Noah Wilson

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) mandates all public companies to file periodic financial statements that should contain numerals annotated with a particular label from a taxonomy. In this paper, we formulate the task of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Soumya Sharma , Subhendu Khatuya , Manjunath Hegde , Afreen Shaikh. Koustuv Dasgupta , Pawan Goyal , Niloy Ganguly

Large Language Models (LLMs), consisting of 100 billion or more parameters, have demonstrated remarkable ability in complex multi-step reasoning tasks. However, the application of such generic advancements has been limited to a few fields,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Guijin Son , Hanearl Jung , Moonjeong Hahm , Keonju Na , Sol Jin

Financial event entity extraction is a crucial task for analyzing market dynamics and building financial knowledge graphs, yet it presents significant challenges due to the specialized language and complex structures in financial texts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Soo-joon Choi , Ji-jun Park

Pre-trained language models have shown impressive performance on a variety of tasks and domains. Previous research on financial language models usually employs a generic training scheme to train standard model architectures, without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Raj Sanjay Shah , Kunal Chawla , Dheeraj Eidnani , Agam Shah , Wendi Du , Sudheer Chava , Natraj Raman , Charese Smiley , Jiaao Chen , Diyi Yang

Although large language models (LLMs) has shown great performance on natural language processing (NLP) in the financial domain, there are no publicly available financial tailtored LLMs, instruction tuning datasets, and evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Qianqian Xie , Weiguang Han , Xiao Zhang , Yanzhao Lai , Min Peng , Alejandro Lopez-Lira , Jimin Huang

We present LLMStructBench, a novel benchmark for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) on extracting structured data and generating valid JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) outputs from natural-language text. Our open dataset comprises…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Sönke Tenckhoff , Mario Koddenbrock , Erik Rodner

We introduce FinVerBench, a benchmark and validity study for financial statement verification: determining whether a set of corporate financial statements is numerically consistent from the information shown to the model. FinVerBench is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Silu Panda

In natural language processing (NLP), the focus has shifted from encoder-only tiny language models like BERT to decoder-only large language models(LLMs) such as GPT-3. However, LLMs' practical application in the financial sector has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xuan Xu , Fufang Wen , Beilin Chu , Zhibing Fu , Qinhong Lin , Jiaqi Liu , Binjie Fei , Yu Li , Linna Zhou , Zhongliang Yang

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, has revolutionized general natural language preprocessing (NLP) tasks. However, their expertise in the financial domain lacks a comprehensive evaluation. To assess the ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Yue Guo , Zian Xu , Yi Yang

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) demands robust, unbiased, and scalable evaluation methods. However, human annotations are costly to scale, model-based evaluations are susceptible to stylistic biases, and…

Extracting structured procedural knowledge from unstructured business documents is a critical yet unresolved bottleneck in process automation. While prior work has focused on extracting linear action flows from instructional texts, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Chen Yang , Ruping Xu , Ruizhe Li , Bin Cao , Jing Fan

Financial decision-making requires processing vast amounts of real-time information while understanding their complex temporal relationships. While traditional search engines excel at providing real-time information access, they often…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Jinzheng Li , Jingshu Zhang , Hongguang Li , Yiqing Shen

Collecting labeled datasets in finance is challenging due to scarcity of domain experts and higher cost of employing them. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in data annotation tasks on general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Toyin Aguda , Suchetha Siddagangappa , Elena Kochkina , Simerjot Kaur , Dongsheng Wang , Charese Smiley , Sameena Shah

Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently hallucinate to long-form questions, producing plausible yet factually incorrect answers. A common mitigation strategy is to provide attribution to LLM outputs. However, existing benchmarks primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yitao Long , Tiansheng Hu , Yilun Zhao , Arman Cohan , Chen Zhao

Evaluating Language Models (LMs) in specialized, high-stakes domains such as finance remains a significant challenge due to the scarcity of open, high-quality, and domain-specific datasets. Existing general-purpose benchmarks provide broad…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Glenn Matlin , Akhil Theerthala , Anant Gupta , Anirudh JM , Rayan Castilla , Yi Mei Ng , Sudheer Chava

Large Language Models (LLMs), excel in natural language understanding, but their capability for complex mathematical reasoning with an amalgamation of structured tables and unstructured text is uncertain. This study explores LLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Pragya Srivastava , Manuj Malik , Vivek Gupta , Tanuja Ganu , Dan Roth

The task of financial analysis primarily encompasses two key areas: stock trend prediction and the corresponding financial question answering. Currently, machine learning and deep learning algorithms (ML&DL) have been widely applied for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Xiang Li , Zhenyu Li , Chen Shi , Yong Xu , Qing Du , Mingkui Tan , Jun Huang , Wei Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have the unique capability to understand and generate human-like text from input queries. When fine-tuned, these models show enhanced performance on domain-specific queries. OpenAI highlights the process of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Scott Barnett , Zac Brannelly , Stefanus Kurniawan , Sheng Wong