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Positional encoding is a vital component of Transformer architectures, enabling models to incorporate sequence order into self-attention mechanisms. Rotary Positional Embeddings (RoPE) have become a widely adopted solution due to their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Ali Veisi , Delaram Fartoot , Hamidreza Amirzadeh

Position encoding recently has shown effective in the transformer architecture. It enables valuable supervision for dependency modeling between elements at different positions of the sequence. In this paper, we first investigate various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Jianlin Su , Yu Lu , Shengfeng Pan , Ahmed Murtadha , Bo Wen , Yunfeng Liu

The Transformer architecture has revolutionized various regions since it was proposed, and its effectiveness largely depends on the ability to encode positional information. Traditional position encoding methods exhibit significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Hao Yu , Tangyu Jiang , Shuning Jia , Shannan Yan , Shunning Liu , Haolong Qian , Guanghao Li , Shuting Dong , Huaisong Zhang , Chun Yuan

Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) has become a core component of modern Transformer architectures across language, vision, and 3D domains. However, existing implementations rely on vector-level split and merge operations that introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Chen Minqi , Zhongqi Yue , Shihao Zhang , Yun Xu , Peng Wu , kaixiang Xu , Zeyi Huang , Hanwang Zhang

Transformer-based end-to-end speech recognition models have received considerable attention in recent years due to their high training speed and ability to model a long-range global context. Position embedding in the transformer…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Shengqiang Li , Menglong Xu , Xiao-Lei Zhang

Masked point modeling methods have recently achieved great success in self-supervised learning for point cloud data. However, these methods are sensitive to rotations and often exhibit sharp performance drops when encountering rotational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Kunming Su , Qiuxia Wu , Panpan Cai , Xiaogang Zhu , Xuequan Lu , Zhiyong Wang , Kun Hu

Position information is essential for language modeling. In softmax transformers, Rotary Position Embeddings (\textit{RoPE}) encode positions through \textit{fixed-angle} rotations, while in linear transformers, order is handled via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Sajad Movahedi , Timur Carstensen , Arshia Afzal , Frank Hutter , Antonio Orvieto , Volkan Cevher

Rotary positional embeddings (RoPE) are widely used in large language models to encode token positions through multiplicative rotations, yet their behavior at long context lengths remains poorly characterized. In this work, we reinterpret…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Feilong Liu

The Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) mechanism has become a powerful enhancement to the Transformer architecture, which enables models to capture token relationships when encoding positional information. However, the RoPE mechanisms make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yang Cao , Jiayan Huo , Yingyu Liang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song

Learning representations from videos requires understanding continuous motion and visual correspondences between frames. In this paper, we introduce the Concatenated Masked Autoencoders (CatMAE) as a spatial-temporal learner for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Zhouqiang Jiang , Bowen Wang , Tong Xiang , Zhaofeng Niu , Hong Tang , Guangshun Li , Liangzhi Li

Accurate and efficient modeling of agent interactions is essential for trajectory generation, the core of autonomous driving systems. Existing methods, scene-centric, agent-centric, and query-centric frameworks, each present distinct…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Jianbo Zhao , Taiyu Ban , Zhihao Liu , Hangning Zhou , Xiyang Wang , Qibin Zhou , Hailong Qin , Mu Yang , Lei Liu , Bin Li

Transformers rely on explicit positional encoding to model structure in data. While Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) excels in 1D domains, its application to image generation reveals significant limitations such as fine-grained spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Jiaye Li , Baoyou Chen , Hui Li , Zilong Dong , Jingdong Wang , Siyu Zhu

Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) is widely adopted in large language models (LLMs) due to its efficient encoding of relative positions with strong extrapolation capabilities. However, while its application in higher-dimensional input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Haiping Liu , Lijing Lin , Jingyuan Sun , Zhegong Shangguan , Mauricio A. Alvarez , Hongpeng Zhou

Transformer architectures rely on position encodings to model the spatial structure of input data. Rotary Position Encoding (RoPE) is a widely used method in language models that encodes relative positions through fixed, block-diagonal,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Sophie Ostmeier , Brian Axelrod , Maya Varma , Michael E. Moseley , Akshay Chaudhari , Curtis Langlotz

Multimodal position encoding is essential for vision-language models, yet there has been little systematic investigation into multimodal position encoding. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of multimodal Rotary Positional Embedding (RoPE)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Jie Huang , Xuejing Liu , Sibo Song , Ruibing Hou , Hong Chang , Junyang Lin , Shuai Bai

Transformers exhibit proficiency in capturing long-range dependencies, whereas State Space Models (SSMs) facilitate linear-time sequence modeling. Notwithstanding their synergistic potential, the integration of these architectures presents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Bingheng Wu , Jingze Shi , Yifan Wu , Nan Tang , Yuyu Luo

Sequential recommendation models have been widely adopted for modeling user behavior. Existing approaches typically construct user interaction sequences by sorting items according to timestamps and then model user preferences from…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Haolin Zhang , Longtao Xiao , Guohao Cai , Ruixuan Li , Xiu Li

Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE)-extension refers to modifying or generalizing the Rotary Position Embedding scheme to handle longer sequences than those encountered during pre-training. However, current extension strategies are highly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Qingyuan Tian , Wenhong Zhu , Xiaoran Liu , Xiaofeng Wang , Rui Wang

In the realm of large-scale language models, a significant challenge arises when extrapolating sequences beyond the maximum allowable length. This is because the model's position embedding mechanisms are limited to positions encountered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Yui Oka , Taku Hasegawa , Kyosuke Nishida , Kuniko Saito

Large-scale self-supervised pre-training Transformer architecture have significantly boosted the performance for various tasks in natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV). However, there is a lack of researches on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Peiwang Tang , Xianchao Zhang
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