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We study a novel language model architecture that is capable of scaling test-time computation by implicitly reasoning in latent space. Our model works by iterating a recurrent block, thereby unrolling to arbitrary depth at test-time. This…

Test-time scaling is a promising new approach to language modeling that uses extra test-time compute to improve performance. Recently, OpenAI's o1 model showed this capability but did not publicly share its methodology, leading to many…

Test-time scaling seeks to improve the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs) by adding computational resources. A prevalent approach within the field is sampling-based test-time scaling methods, which enhance reasoning by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Zhi Zhou , Yuhao Tan , Zenan Li , Yuan Yao , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li , Xiaoxing Ma

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have achieved remarkable progress on complex tasks by generating extended chains of thought (CoT). However, their uncontrolled output lengths pose significant challenges for real-world deployment, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yuhui Xu , Hanze Dong , Lei Wang , Doyen Sahoo , Junnan Li , Caiming Xiong

Inference-time scaling has emerged as a powerful way to improve large language model (LLM) performance by generating multiple candidate responses and selecting among them. However, existing work on dynamic allocation for test-time compute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Jenny Y. Huang , Mehul Damani , Yousef El-Kurdi , Ramon Astudillo , Wei Sun

Test-time scaling evaluates reasoning LLMs by sampling multiple outputs per prompt, but ranking models in this regime remains underexplored. We formalize dense benchmark ranking under test-time scaling and introduce Scorio, a library that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Mohsen Hariri , Michael Hinczewski , Jing Ma , Vipin Chaudhary

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have created new opportunities to enhance performance on complex reasoning tasks by leveraging test-time computation. However, existing scaling methods have key limitations: parallel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Jiefeng Chen , Jie Ren , Xinyun Chen , Chengrun Yang , Ruoxi Sun , Jinsung Yoon , Sercan Ö Arık

Test-time scaling (TTS) has emerged as a new frontier for scaling the performance of Large Language Models. In test-time scaling, by using more computational resources during inference, LLMs can improve their reasoning process and task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 V Venktesh , Mandeep Rathee , Avishek Anand

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) improves the reasoning performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by allocating additional compute during inference. We conduct a structured survey of TTS methods and categorize them into sampling-based,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Ho-Lam Chung , Teng-Yun Hsiao , Hsiao-Ying Huang , Chunerh Cho , Jian-Ren Lin , Zhang Ziwei , Yun-Nung Chen

Reward models play a critical role in guiding large language models toward outputs that align with human expectations. However, an open challenge remains in effectively utilizing test-time compute to enhance reward model performance. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiaxin Guo , Zewen Chi , Li Dong , Qingxiu Dong , Xun Wu , Shaohan Huang , Furu Wei

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on mobile devices faces the challenge of insufficient performance in smaller models and excessive resource consumption in larger ones. This paper highlights that mobile Neural Processing Units (NPUs)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zixu Hao , Jianyu Wei , Tuowei Wang , Minxing Huang , Huiqiang Jiang , Shiqi Jiang , Ting Cao , Ju Ren

Large Language Models (LLMs) are demonstrating rapid improvements on complex reasoning benchmarks, particularly when allowed to utilize intermediate reasoning steps before converging on a final solution. However, current literature often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Ákos Prucs , Márton Csutora , Mátyás Antal , Márk Marosi

Test-time scaling has become an effective paradigm for improving the reasoning ability of large language models by allocating additional computation during inference. Recent structured approaches have further advanced this paradigm by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 George Wu , Nan Jing , Qing Yi , Chuan Hao , Ming Yang , Feng Chang , Yuan Wei , Jian Yang , Ran Tao , Bryan Dai

Recent work has demonstrated the remarkable potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in test-time scaling. By making models think before answering, they are able to achieve much higher accuracy with extra inference computation. However, in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yi Sun , Han Wang , Jiaqiang Li , Jiacheng Liu , Xiangyu Li , Hao Wen , Yizhen Yuan , Huiwen Zheng , Yan Liang , Yuanchun Li , Yunxin Liu

Scaling test-time compute has emerged as a key strategy for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), particularly in tasks like mathematical problem-solving. A traditional approach, Self-Consistency (SC),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Nishad Singhi , Hritik Bansal , Arian Hosseini , Aditya Grover , Kai-Wei Chang , Marcus Rohrbach , Anna Rohrbach

Test-time scaling has emerged as a promising paradigm in language modeling, leveraging additional computational resources at inference time to enhance model performance. In this work, we introduce R2-LLMs, a novel and versatile hierarchical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Alex ZH Dou , Zhongwei Wan , Dongfei Cui , Xin Wang , Jing Xiong , Haokun Lin , Chaofan Tao , Shen Yan , Mi Zhang

Large reasoning models (LRMs) excel at complex reasoning tasks but typically generate lengthy sequential chains-of-thought, resulting in long inference times before arriving at the final answer. To address this challenge, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Emil Biju , Shayan Talaei , Zhemin Huang , Mohammadreza Pourreza , Azalia Mirhoseini , Amin Saberi

Logical reasoning is a critical benchmark for evaluating the capabilities of large language models (LLMs), as it reflects their ability to derive valid conclusions from given premises. While the combination of test-time scaling with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Ramya Keerthy Thatikonda , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

Test-time Scaling (TTS) has been demonstrated to significantly enhance the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) during the inference phase without altering model parameters. However, existing TTS methods are largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Guibin Zhang , Fanci Meng , Guancheng Wan , Zherui Li , Kun Wang , Zhenfei Yin , Lei Bai , Shuicheng Yan

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs), such as DeepSeek-R1 and OpenAI-o1, have demonstrated the significant effectiveness of test-time scaling, achieving substantial performance gains across various benchmarks. These advanced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Haotian Wang , Han Zhao , Shuaiting Chen , Xiaoyu Tian , Sitong Zhao , Yunjie Ji , Yiping Peng , Xiangang Li