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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in settings where the available context is incomplete or degraded. We argue that an LLM generating answers under incomplete context can be viewed as an implicit imputer, and evaluated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-14 Stef van Buuren

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used to autonomously evaluate the quality of content in communication systems, e.g., to assess responses in telecom customer support chatbots. However, the impartiality of these AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jiaxin Gao , Chen Chen , Yanwen Jia , Xueluan Gong , Kwok-Yan Lam , Qian Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional natural language understanding abilities and have excelled in a variety of natural language processing (NLP)tasks in recent years. Despite the fact that most LLMs are trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Xiang Zhang , Senyu Li , Bradley Hauer , Ning Shi , Grzegorz Kondrak

The increased use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in sensitive domains leads to growing interest in how their confidence scores correspond to fairness and bias. This study examines the alignment between LLM-predicted confidence and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ahmed Sabir , Markus Kängsepp , Rajesh Sharma

The proliferation of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) from various institutions has highlighted the urgent need for comprehensive evaluation methods. However, current evaluation platforms, such as the widely recognized HuggingFace…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Fanghua Ye , Mingming Yang , Jianhui Pang , Longyue Wang , Derek F. Wong , Emine Yilmaz , Shuming Shi , Zhaopeng Tu

Generative large language models (LLMs) have become central to everyday life, producing human-like text across diverse domains. A growing body of research investigates whether these models also exhibit personality- and demographic-like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Dana Sotto Porat , Ella Rabinovich

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly gained popularity and are being embedded into professional applications due to their capabilities in generating human-like content. However, unquestioned reliance on their outputs and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Muneera Bano , Hashini Gunatilake , Rashina Hoda

Many recent studies have investigated social biases in LLMs but brand bias has received little attention. This research examines the biases exhibited by LLMs towards different brands, a significant concern given the widespread use of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Mahammed Kamruzzaman , Hieu Minh Nguyen , Gene Louis Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in a multitude of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, these models are still not immune to limitations such as social biases, especially gender bias. This work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Divij Bajaj , Yuanyuan Lei , Jonathan Tong , Ruihong Huang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become widely used to model and simulate human behavior, understanding their biases becomes critical. We developed an experimental framework using Big Five personality surveys and uncovered a previously…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Aadesh Salecha , Molly E. Ireland , Shashanka Subrahmanya , João Sedoc , Lyle H. Ungar , Johannes C. Eichstaedt

Large Language models (LLMs), while powerful, exhibit harmful social biases. Debiasing is often challenging due to computational costs, data constraints, and potential degradation of multi-task language capabilities. This work introduces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Pengrui Han , Rafal Kocielnik , Adhithya Saravanan , Roy Jiang , Or Sharir , Anima Anandkumar

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly evolved from general-purpose systems to multimodal models capable of processing text, images, and audio. As both general-purpose LLMs (GLLMs) and multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) gain widespread adoption,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Yujian Liu , Xiao Yu , Jacky Keung , Xing Hu , Xin Xia , Xiaoxue Ma

Language serves as a powerful tool for the manifestation of societal belief systems. In doing so, it also perpetuates the prevalent biases in our society. Gender bias is one of the most pervasive biases in our society and is seen in online…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Rishav Hada , Agrima Seth , Harshita Diddee , Kalika Bali

With the widespread availability of LLMs since the release of ChatGPT and increased public scrutiny, commercial model development appears to have focused their efforts on 'safety' training concerning legal liabilities at the expense of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Alina Leidinger , Richard Rogers

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being introduced in workplace settings, with the goals of improving efficiency and fairness. However, concerns have arisen regarding these models' potential to reflect or exacerbate social…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Lena Armstrong , Abbey Liu , Stephen MacNeil , Danaë Metaxa

In traditional decision making processes, social biases of human decision makers can lead to unequal economic outcomes for underrepresented social groups, such as women, racial or ethnic minorities. Recently, the increasing popularity of…

General Economics · Economics 2024-03-25 Jiafu An , Difang Huang , Chen Lin , Mingzhu Tai

Cheap-to-Build Very Large-Language Models (CtB-LLMs) with affordable training are emerging as the next big revolution in natural language processing and understanding. These CtB-LLMs are democratizing access to trainable Very Large-Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Leonardo Ranaldi , Elena Sofia Ruzzetti , Davide Venditti , Dario Onorati , Fabio Massimo Zanzotto

There is increasing interest in the application large language models (LLMs) to the medical field, in part because of their impressive performance on medical exam questions. While promising, exam questions do not reflect the complexity of…

As LLMs are increasingly applied in socially impactful settings, concerns about gender bias have prompted growing efforts both to measure and mitigate such bias. These efforts often rely on evaluation tasks that differ from natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Bufan Gao , Elisa Kreiss

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has led many researchers to consider their usage for scientific work. Some have found benefits using LLMs to augment or automate aspects of their research pipeline, while others have urged caution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Zhehui Liao , Maria Antoniak , Inyoung Cheong , Evie Yu-Yen Cheng , Ai-Heng Lee , Kyle Lo , Joseph Chee Chang , Amy X. Zhang