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Many tasks in our modern life, such as planning an efficient travel, image processing and optimizing integrated circuit design, are modeled as complex combinatorial optimization problems with binary variables. Such problems can be mapped to…

Solving combinatorial optimization problems efficiently through emerging hardware by converting the problem to its equivalent Ising model and obtaining its ground state is known as Ising computing. Phase-binarized oscillators (PBO), modeled…

Combinatorial optimization problems are crucial in industry. However, many COPs are NP-hard, causing the search space to grow exponentially with problem size and rendering large-scale instances computationally intractable. Conventional…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Eiji Kawase , Shuta Kikuchi , Hideaki Tamai , Shu Tanaka

Ising Machine is a promising computing approach for solving combinatorial optimization problems. It is naturally suited for energy-saving and compact in-memory computing implementations with emerging memories. A na\"ive in-memory computing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-30 George Higgins Hutchinson , Ethan Sifferman , Tinish Bhattacharya , Dmitri B. Strukov

The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) model has gained prominence in recent years with the discovery that it unifies a rich variety of combinatorial optimization problems. By its association with the Ising problem in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Fred Glover , Gary Kochenberger , Yu Du

We present a heuristic algorithm designed to solve Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems efficiently. The algorithm, referred to as IC-D2S, leverages a hybrid approach using Ising and classical machines to address very…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Armin Abdollahi , Mehdi Kamal , Massoud Pedram

The spatial photonic Ising machine (SPIM) is a promising optical hardware solver for large-scale combinatorial optimization problems with dense interactions. As the SPIM can represent Ising problems with rank-one coupling matrices,…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-02-03 Hiroshi Yamashita , Hideyuki Suzuki

Decades of exponential scaling in high performance computing (HPC) efficiency is coming to an end. Transistor based logic in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology is approaching physical limits beyond which further…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Fiona Knoll , John T. Daly , Jess J. Meyer

Hard combinatorial optimization problems, often mapped to Ising models, promise potential solutions with quantum advantage but are constrained by limited qubit counts in near-term devices. We present an innovative quantum-inspired framework…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-25 Co Tran , Quoc-Bao Tran , Hy Truong Son , Thang N Dinh

We study the application of emerging photonic and quantum computing architectures to solving the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), a well-known NP-hard optimization problem. We investigate several approaches: Simulated Annealing (SA),…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-03 Venkat Padmasola , Zhaotong Li , Rupak Chatterjee , Wesley Dyk

Today, hardware constraints are an important limitation on quantum adiabatic optimization algorithms. Firstly, computational problems must be formulated as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) in the presence of noisy coupling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-06 Andrew Lucas

In this paper, we report new results on a novel Ising machine technology for solving combinatorial optimization problems using networks of coupled self-sustaining oscillators. Specifically, we present several working hardware prototypes…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-04-24 Tianshi Wang , Leon Wu , Jaijeet Roychowdhury

Quantum approximate optimization is one of the promising candidates for useful quantum computation, particularly in the context of finding approximate solutions to Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems. However, the…

Ising solvers offer a promising physics-based approach to tackle the challenging class of combinatorial optimization problems. However, typical solvers operate in a quadratic energy space, having only pair-wise coupling elements which…

Ising machines -- special-purpose hardware for heuristically solving Ising optimization problems -- based on probabilistic bits (p-bits) have been established as a promising alternative to heuristic optimization algorithms run on…

Multi-objective optimisation problems involve finding solutions with varying trade-offs between multiple and often conflicting objectives. Ising machines are physical devices that aim to find the absolute or approximate ground states of an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Mayowa Ayodele , Richard Allmendinger , Manuel López-Ibáñez , Arnaud Liefooghe , Matthieu Parizy

Verification of binary neural network (BNN) robustness is NP-hard, as it can be formulated as a combinatorial search for an adversarial perturbation that induces misclassification. Exact verification methods therefore scale poorly with…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Madhav Vadlamani , Rahul Singh , Yuyao Kong , Zheng Zhang , Shimeng Yu

To tackle combinatorial optimization problems using an Ising machine, the objective function and constraints must be mapped onto a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) model. While QUBO involves binary variables, combinatorial…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-01-22 Shuta Kikuchi , Kotaro Takahashi , Shu Tanaka

Ising computing provides a new computing paradigm for many hard combinatorial optimization problems. Ising computing essentially tries to solve the quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problem, which is also described by the Ising…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-08-02 Chase Cook , Wentian Jin , Sheldon X. -D. Tan

The commercial and industrial demand for the solution of hard combinatorial optimization problems push forward the development of efficient solvers. One of them is the Ising machine which can solve combinatorial problems mapped to Ising…