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The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has transformed the landscape of agentic information seeking capabilities through the integration of tools such as search engines and web browsers. However, current mainstream approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Dingchu Zhang , Yida Zhao , Jialong Wu , Baixuan Li , Wenbiao Yin , Liwen Zhang , Yong Jiang , Yufeng Li , Kewei Tu , Pengjun Xie , Fei Huang

We introduce a novel large language model (LLM)-driven agent framework, which iteratively refines queries and filters contextual evidence by leveraging dynamically evolving knowledge. A defining feature of the system is its decoupling of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Seyoung Song

Information retrieval is a cornerstone of modern knowledge acquisition, enabling billions of queries each day across diverse domains. However, traditional keyword-based search engines are increasingly inadequate for handling complex,…

Large language model (LLM)-based search agents have proven promising for addressing knowledge-intensive problems by incorporating information retrieval capabilities. Existing works largely focus on optimizing the reasoning paradigms of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Tongyu Wen , Guanting Dong , Zhicheng Dou

Search agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in tackling knowledge-intensive tasks. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training these agents to perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Shiyu Li , Yang Tang , Yifan Wang , Peiming Li , Xi Chen

Large language models (LLMs) excel at knowledge-intensive question answering and reasoning, yet their real-world deployment remains constrained by knowledge cutoff, hallucination, and limited interaction modalities. Augmenting LLMs with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Daocheng Fu , Jianbiao Mei , Licheng Wen , Xuemeng Yang , Cheng Yang , Rong Wu , Tao Hu , Siqi Li , Yufan Shen , Xinyu Cai , Pinlong Cai , Botian Shi , Yong Liu , Yu Qiao

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with external retrieval has become a standard method to address their inherent knowledge cutoff limitations. However, traditional retrieval-augmented generation methods employ static, pre-inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Hongjin Qian , Zheng Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in reasoning, exemplified by the success of OpenAI-o1 and DeepSeek-R1. However, integrating reasoning with external search processes remains challenging, especially for complex…

Large language models (LLMs) are probabilistic in nature and perform more reliably when augmented with external information. As complex queries often require multi-step reasoning over the retrieved information, with no clear or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Roxana Petcu , Evangelos Kanoulas , Maarten de Rijke

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has transformed information access and reasoning through open-ended natural language interaction. However, LLMs remain limited by static knowledge, factual hallucinations, and the inability to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Minhua Lin , Zongyu Wu , Zhichao Xu , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Qi He , Charu Aggarwal , Hui Liu , Xiang Zhang , Suhang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) can be seen as compressed knowledge bases, but it remains unclear what knowledge they truly contain and how far their knowledge boundary extends. Existing benchmarks are mostly static and provide limited support…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuheng Yang , Siqi Zhu , Tao Feng , Ge Liu , Jiaxuan You

Information technology has profoundly altered the way humans interact with information. The vast amount of content created, shared, and disseminated online has made it increasingly difficult to access relevant information. Over the past two…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Yu Zhang , Shutong Qiao , Jiaqi Zhang , Tzu-Heng Lin , Chen Gao , Yong Li

Large Language Model (LLM)-based search agents have shown remarkable capabilities in solving complex tasks by dynamically decomposing problems and addressing them through interleaved reasoning and retrieval. However, this interleaved…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Tiannuo Yang , Zebin Yao , Bowen Jin , Lixiao Cui , Yusen Li , Gang Wang , Xiaoguang Liu

Iterative retrieval refers to the process in which the model continuously queries the retriever during generation to enhance the relevance of the retrieved knowledge, thereby improving the performance of Retrieval-Augmented Generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Tian Yu , Shaolei Zhang , Yang Feng

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed AI research thanks to their powerful internal capabilities and knowledge. However, existing LLMs still fail to effectively incorporate the massive external knowledge when interacting with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Tao Feng , Pengrui Han , Guanyu Lin , Ge Liu , Jiaxuan You

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful but prone to hallucinations due to static knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) helps by injecting external information, but current methods often are costly, generalize poorly, or ignore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Huatong Song , Jinhao Jiang , Wenqing Tian , Zhipeng Chen , Yuhuan Wu , Jiahao Zhao , Yingqian Min , Wayne Xin Zhao , Lei Fang , Ji-Rong Wen

Multi-step agentic retrieval systems based on large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in complex information search tasks. However, these systems still face significant challenges in practical applications,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Chuzhan Hao , Wenfeng Feng , Yuewei Zhang , Hao Wang

Training large language model (LLM) agents to acquire necessary skills and perform diverse tasks within an environment is gaining interest as a means to enable open-endedness. However, creating the training dataset for their skill…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Yongjin Yang , Sinjae Kang , Juyong Lee , Dongjun Lee , Se-Young Yun , Kimin Lee

As large language models (LLMs) become more specialized, we envision a future where millions of expert LLMs exist, each trained on proprietary data and excelling in specific domains. In such a system, answering a query requires selecting a…

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