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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning and tool use. However, the fundamental cognitive faculties essential for problem solving, including perception, reasoning, and memory, remain the stable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiaozhe Li , Jixuan Chen , Xinyu Fang , Shengyuan Ding , Haodong Duan , Qingwen Liu , Kai Chen

Cognitive Reframing, a core element of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), helps individuals reinterpret negative experiences by finding positive meaning. Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated improved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Yilin Qi , Dong Won Lee , Cynthia Breazeal , Hae Won Park

Recent mechanistic studies suggest that large language models (LLMs) may utilize their depth inefficiently in standard single-turn tasks. Whether this still holds in autonomous agent settings, where models must perform multi-turn planning,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhenyu Cui , Xiangzhong Luo

Understanding and reasoning over tables is a critical capability for many real-world applications. Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise on this task, but current approaches remain limited. Fine-tuning based methods strengthen…

Chain-of-thought (CoT) has proven to improve the reasoning capability of large language models (LLMs). However, due to the complexity of multimodal scenarios and the difficulty in collecting high-quality CoT data, CoT reasoning in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Kanzhi Cheng , Yantao Li , Fangzhi Xu , Jianbing Zhang , Hao Zhou , Yang Liu

Multimodal LLM-powered agents have recently demonstrated impressive capabilities in web navigation, enabling agents to complete complex browsing tasks across diverse domains. However, current agents struggle with repetitive errors and lack…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Genglin Liu , Shijie Geng , Sha Li , Hejie Cui , Sarah Zhang , Xin Liu , Tianyi Liu

Many AI systems focus solely on providing solutions or explaining outcomes. However, complex tasks like research and strategic thinking often benefit from a more comprehensive approach to augmenting the thinking process rather than…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Soya Park , Hari Subramonyam , Chinmay Kulkarni

With the emergence of advanced reasoning models like OpenAI o3 and DeepSeek-R1, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities. However, their ability to perform rigorous logical reasoning remains an open…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Hanmeng Liu , Zhizhang Fu , Mengru Ding , Ruoxi Ning , Chaoli Zhang , Xiaozhang Liu , Yue Zhang

This paper considers a scenario in city navigation: an AI agent is provided with language descriptions of the goal location with respect to some well-known landmarks; By only observing the scene around, including recognizing landmarks and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Qingbin Zeng , Qinglong Yang , Shunan Dong , Heming Du , Liang Zheng , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into autonomous systems, giving rise to a new class of software known as Agentware, where LLM-powered agents perform complex, open-ended tasks in domains such as software engineering,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Benjamin Rombaut , Sogol Masoumzadeh , Kirill Vasilevski , Dayi Lin , Ahmed E. Hassan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in reasoning, exemplified by the success of OpenAI-o1 and DeepSeek-R1. However, integrating reasoning with external search processes remains challenging, especially for complex…

The integration of slow-thinking mechanisms into large language models (LLMs) offers a promising way toward achieving Level 2 AGI Reasoners, as exemplified by systems like OpenAI's o1. However, several significant challenges remain,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Xiao-Wen Yang , Xuan-Yi Zhu , Wen-Da Wei , Ding-Chu Zhang , Jie-Jing Shao , Zhi Zhou , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

This survey explores the development of meta-thinking capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) from a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) perspective. Meta-thinking self-reflection, assessment, and control of thinking processes is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Ahsan Bilal , Muhammad Ahmed Mohsin , Muhammad Umer , Muhammad Awais Khan Bangash , Muhammad Ali Jamshed

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as reasoning systems, where reasoning paradigms - such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT) and multi-agent systems (MAS) - play a critical role, yet their relative effectiveness and cost-accuracy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yapeng Li , Jiakuo Yu , Zhixin Liu , Xinnan Liu , Jing Yu , Songze Li , Tonghua Su

Strategic reasoning is a complex yet essential capability for intelligent agents. It requires Large Language Model (LLM) agents to adapt their strategies dynamically in multi-agent environments. Unlike static reasoning tasks, success in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Yadong Zhang , Shaoguang Mao , Tao Ge , Xun Wang , Yan Xia , Man Lan , Furu Wei

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a popular interface for human-AI interaction, supporting information seeking and task assistance through natural, multi-turn dialogue. To respond to users within multi-turn dialogues, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Fengran Mo , Yifan Gao , Sha Li , Hansi Zeng , Xin Liu , Zhaoxuan Tan , Xian Li , Jianshu Chen , Dakuo Wang , Meng Jiang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved multi-hop question answering (QA) through direct Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, the irreversible nature of CoT leads to error accumulation, making it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xinjie Zhao , Fan Gao , Xingyu Song , Yingjian Chen , Rui Yang , Yanran Fu , Yuyang Wang , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo , Irene Li

A key method for creating Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents is Reinforcement Learning (RL). However, constructing a standalone RL policy that maps perception to action directly encounters severe problems, chief among them being its lack…

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous agents necessitates the management of extensive, dynamic contexts. Current benchmarks, however, remain largely static, relying on passive retrieval tasks that fail to simulate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Shicheng Fang , Yuxin Wang , Xiaoran Liu , Jiahao Lu , Chuanyuan Tan , Xinchi Chen , Yining Zheng , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

Large language model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly employed to interact with external environments (e.g., games, APIs, world models) to solve user-provided tasks. However, current frameworks often lack the ability to collaborate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Vardhan Dongre , Xiaocheng Yang , Emre Can Acikgoz , Suvodip Dey , Gokhan Tur , Dilek Hakkani-Tür