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In language tasks that require extensive human--model interaction, deploying a single "best" model for every query can be expensive. To reduce inference cost while preserving the quality of the responses, a large language model (LLM) router…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Yichi Zhang , Fangzheng Xie , Shu Yang , Chong Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) process every token through all layers of a transformer stack, causing wasted computation on simple queries and insufficient flexibility for harder ones that need deeper reasoning. Adaptive-depth methods can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ahmed Heakl , Martin Gubri , Salman Khan , Sangdoo Yun , Seong Joon Oh

Modern deployment of large language models (LLMs) frequently involves both inference serving and continuous retraining to stay aligned with evolving data and user feedback. Common practices separate these workloads onto distinct servers in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Yufei Li , Zexin Li , Yinglun Zhu , Cong Liu

We study the problem of optimizing Large Language Model (LLM) inference scheduling to minimize total latency. LLM inference is an online and multi-task service process and also heavily energy consuming by which a pre-trained LLM processes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Zixi Chen , Yinyu Ye , Zijie Zhou

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly boosted performance in natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, the deployment of high-performance LLMs incurs substantial costs, primarily due to the increased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Saehan Jo , Immanuel Trummer

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate substantial accuracy gains when augmented with reasoning modes such as chain-of-thought and inference-time scaling. However, reasoning also incurs significant costs in inference latency and token…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Chen Wang , Xunzhuo Liu , Yuhan Liu , Yue Zhu , Xiangxi Mo , Junchen Jiang , Huamin Chen

AI-enabled systems are subjected to various types of runtime uncertainties, ranging from dynamic workloads, resource requirements, model drift, etc. These uncertainties have a big impact on the overall Quality of Service (QoS). This is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Hemang Jain , Divyansh Pandey , Karthik Vaidhyanathan

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely adopted due to their remarkable performance across various applications, driving the accelerated development of a large number of diverse models. However, these individual LLMs show limitations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Kaushal Kumar Maurya , KV Aditya Srivatsa , Ekaterina Kochmar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered considerable attention owing to their remarkable capabilities, leading to an increasing number of companies offering LLMs as services. Different LLMs achieve different performance at different…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Yueyue Liu , Hongyu Zhang , Yuantian Miao , Van-Hoang Le , Zhiqiang Li

Multi-agent systems driven by large language models (LLMs) have shown promising abilities for solving complex tasks in a collaborative manner. This work considers a fundamental problem in multi-agent collaboration: consensus seeking. When…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Huaben Chen , Wenkang Ji , Lufeng Xu , Shiyu Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) and chatbots show significant promise in streamlining the legal intake process. This advancement can greatly reduce the workload and costs for legal aid organizations, improving availability while making legal…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Nick Goodson , Rongfei Lu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have a natural role in answering complex queries about data streams, but the high computational cost of LLM inference makes them infeasible in many such tasks. We propose online cascade learning, the first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Lunyiu Nie , Zhimin Ding , Erdong Hu , Christopher Jermaine , Swarat Chaudhuri

This paper investigates the optimal allocation of large language model (LLM) inference workloads across heterogeneous edge data centers over time. Each data center features on-site renewable generation and faces dynamic electricity prices…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jiaming Cheng , Duong Tung Nguyen

Training large language models (LLMs), and other large machine learning models, involves repeated communication of large volumes of data across a data center network. The communication patterns induced by these training process exhibit high…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Ofir Cohen , Jose Yallouz Michael Schapira , Shahar Belkar , Tal Mizrahi

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of AI, demonstrating unprecedented capacity across various tasks. However, the inference process for LLMs comes with significant computational costs. In this paper, we propose an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Zangwei Zheng , Xiaozhe Ren , Fuzhao Xue , Yang Luo , Xin Jiang , Yang You

Multimodal recommender systems (MRS) integrate heterogeneous user and item data, such as text, images, and structured information, to enhance recommendation performance. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) introduces new…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Alejo Lopez-Avila , Jinhua Du

Large language models (LLMs) with different architectures and sizes have been developed. Serving each LLM with dedicated GPUs leads to resource waste and service inefficiency due to the varying demand of LLM requests. A common practice is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Yihao Zhao , Jiadun Chen , Peng Sun , Lei Li , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin

Large Language Model (LLM)-driven Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) have demonstrated strong capability in complex reasoning and tool use, and heterogeneous agent pools further broaden the quality--cost trade-off space. Despite these advances,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Xudong Wang , Chaoning Zhang , Jiaquan Zhang , Chenghao Li , Qigan Sun , Sung-Ho Bae , Peng Wang , Ning Xie , Jie Zou , Yang Yang , Hengtao Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become an integral part of many real-world workflows. However, LLMs consume a lot of energy, which becomes a large concern in the scale of the demand for these tools. As LLMs become integrated into…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Katelyn Crumpacker , Dimitrios Nikolopoulos

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) incurs considerable training costs, driving the need for data-efficient training with optimised data ordering. Human-inspired strategies offer a solution by organising data based on human learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Yushi Yang , Andrew M. Bean , Robert McCraith , Adam Mahdi