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Stochastic regularisation is an important weapon in the arsenal of a deep learning practitioner. However, despite recent theoretical advances, our understanding of how noise influences signal propagation in deep neural networks remains…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-12-03 Arnu Pretorius , Elan Van Biljon , Steve Kroon , Herman Kamper

Randomly initialized neural networks are known to become harder to train with increasing depth, unless architectural enhancements like residual connections and batch normalization are used. We here investigate this phenomenon by revisiting…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-15 Hadi Daneshmand , Jonas Kohler , Francis Bach , Thomas Hofmann , Aurelien Lucchi

Deep neural networks are typically initialized with random weights, with variances chosen to facilitate signal propagation and stable gradients. It is also believed that diversity of features is an important property of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Yaniv Blumenfeld , Dar Gilboa , Daniel Soudry

Reinforcement Learning (RL) for training Large Language Models is notoriously unstable. While recent studies attribute this to "training inference mismatch stemming" from inconsistent hybrid engines, standard remedies, such as Importance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yaxiang Zhang , Yingru Li , Jiacai Liu , Jiawei Xu , Ziniu Li , Qian Liu , Haoyuan Li

In this study, we investigate the continuous time dynamics of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), focusing on systems with nonlinear activation functions. The objective of this work is to identify conditions under which RNNs exhibit perpetual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Michele Casoni , Tommaso Guidi , Alessandro Betti , Stefano Melacci , Marco Gori

Circuits of biological neurons, such as in the functional parts of the brain can be modeled as networks of coupled oscillators. Inspired by the ability of these systems to express a rich set of outputs while keeping (gradients of) state…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 T. Konstantin Rusch , Siddhartha Mishra

Proper initialisation strategy is of primary importance to mitigate gradient explosion or vanishing when training neural networks. Yet, the impact of initialisation parameters still lacks a precise theoretical understanding for several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Andrea Combette , Antoine Venaille , Nelly Pustelnik

Weight initialization is important for faster convergence and stability of deep neural networks training. In this paper, a robust initialization method is developed to address the training instability in long short-term memory (LSTM)…

The development of effective initialization methods requires an understanding of random neural networks. In this work, a rigorous probabilistic analysis of deep unbiased Leaky ReLU networks is provided. We prove a Law of Large Numbers and a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-12 Constantin Kogler , Tassilo Schwarz , Samuel Kittle

There is a recent and growing literature on large-width asymptotic properties of Gaussian neural networks (NNs), namely NNs whose weights are initialized as Gaussian distributions. Two popular problems are: i) the study of the large-width…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Stefano Favaro , Sandra Fortini , Stefano Peluchetti

Scaling limits, such as infinite-width limits, serve as promising theoretical tools to study large-scale models. However, it is widely believed that existing infinite-width theory does not faithfully explain the behavior of practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Moritz Haas , Sebastian Bordt , Ulrike von Luxburg , Leena Chennuru Vankadara

Recurrent neural networks (RNN) are the backbone of many text and speech applications. These architectures are typically made up of several computationally complex components such as; non-linear activation functions, normalization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Vahid Partovi Nia , Eyyüb Sari , Vanessa Courville , Masoud Asgharian

This is a tutorial paper on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM), and their variants. We start with a dynamical system and backpropagation through time for RNN. Then, we discuss the problems of gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a spectrum of graph-related tasks, however concerns persist regarding their vulnerability to adversarial perturbations. While prevailing defense strategies focus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Sofiane Ennadir , Johannes F. Lutzeyer , Michalis Vazirgiannis , El Houcine Bergou

Transformers have surpassed RNNs in popularity due to their superior abilities in parallel training and long-term dependency modeling. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in using linear RNNs for efficient sequence modeling. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhen Qin , Songlin Yang , Yiran Zhong

Initialization plays a critical role in Deep Neural Network training, directly influencing convergence, stability, and generalization. Common approaches such as Glorot and He initializations rely on randomness, which can produce uneven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Alberto Fernández-Hernández , Jose I. Mestre , Manuel F. Dolz , Jose Duato , Enrique S. Quintana-Ortí

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) achieve state-of-the-art results in many sequence-to-sequence modeling tasks. However, RNNs are difficult to train and tend to suffer from overfitting. Motivated by the Data Processing Inequality (DPI), we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-24 Ziv Aharoni , Gal Rattner , Haim Permuter

This paper proposes a novel sufficient condition for the incremental input-to-state stability of a generic class of recurrent neural networks (RNNs). The established condition is compared with others available in the literature, showing to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-08 William D'Amico , Alessio La Bella , Marcello Farina

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) with sophisticated units that implement a gating mechanism have emerged as powerful technique for modeling sequential signals such as speech or electroencephalography (EEG). The latter is the focus on this…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-01-09 Meysam Golmohammadi , Saeedeh Ziyabari , Vinit Shah , Eva Von Weltin , Christopher Campbell , Iyad Obeid , Joseph Picone

Unitary recurrent neural networks (URNNs) have been proposed as a method to overcome the vanishing and exploding gradient problem in modeling data with long-term dependencies. A basic question is how restrictive is the unitary constraint on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 M. Emami , M. Sahraee-Ardakan , S. Rangan , A. K. Fletcher