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As one of the most important affective signals, facial affect analysis (FAA) is essential for developing human-computer interaction systems. Early methods focus on extracting appearance and geometry features associated with human affects…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Yang Liu , Xingming Zhang , Yante Li , Jinzhao Zhou , Xin Li , Guoying Zhao

Current day pain assessment methods rely on patient self-report or by an observer like the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) nurses. Patient self-report is subjective to the individual and suffers due to poor recall. Pain assessment by manual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Subhash Nerella , Azra Bihorac , Patrick Tighe , Parisa Rashidi

Patient pain can be detected highly reliably from facial expressions using a set of facial muscle-based action units (AUs) defined by the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). A key characteristic of facial expression of pain is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-21 Zhanli Chen , Rashid Ansari , Diana J. Wilkie

Facial pain expression is an important modality for assessing pain, especially when the patient's verbal ability to communicate is impaired. The facial muscle-based action units (AUs), which are defined by the Facial Action Coding System…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-21 Zhanli Chen , Rashid Ansari , Diana Wilkie

Pain is a common occurrence among patients admitted to Intensive Care Units. Pain assessment in ICU patients still remains a challenge for clinicians and ICU staff, specifically in cases of non-verbal sedated, mechanically ventilated, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Subhash Nerella , Kia Khezeli , Andrea Davidson , Patrick Tighe , Azra Bihorac , Parisa Rashidi

Facial action unit (FAU) intensities are popular descriptors for the analysis of facial behavior. However, FAUs are sparsely represented when only a few are activated at a time. In this study, we explore the possibility of representing the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Minh Tran , Ellen Bradley , Michelle Matvey , Joshua Woolley , Mohammad Soleymani

As a fine-grained and local expression behavior measurement, facial action unit (FAU) analysis (e.g., detection and intensity estimation) has been documented for its time-consuming, labor-intensive, and error-prone annotation. Thus a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Bowen Ma , Rudong An , Wei Zhang , Yu Ding , Zeng Zhao , Rongsheng Zhang , Tangjie Lv , Changjie Fan , Zhipeng Hu

Recent studies have found that pain in infancy has a significant impact on infant development, including psychological problems, possible brain injury, and pain sensitivity in adulthood. However, due to the lack of specialists and the fact…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-12 Mingze Sun , Haoxiang Wang , Wei Yao , Jiawang Liu

This paper presents our Facial Action Units (AUs) detection submission to the fifth Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild Competition (ABAW). Our approach consists of three main modules: (i) a pre-trained facial representation encoder…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Zihan Wang , Siyang Song , Cheng Luo , Yuzhi Zhou , Shiling Wu , Weicheng Xie , Linlin Shen

The intensity estimation of facial action units (AUs) is challenging due to subtle changes in the person's facial appearance. Previous approaches mainly rely on probabilistic models or predefined rules for modeling co-occurrence…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Yingruo Fan , Jacqueline C. K. Lam , Victor O. K. Li

Intensive Care Units (ICU) provide close supervision and continuous care to patients with life-threatening conditions. However, continuous patient assessment in the ICU is still limited due to time constraints and the workload on healthcare…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Subhash Nerella , Ziyuan Guan , Andrea Davidson , Yuanfang Ren , Tezcan Baslanti , Brooke Armfield , Patrick Tighe , Azra Bihorac , Parisa Rashidi

In this paper an accurate real-time sequence-based system for representation, recognition, interpretation, and analysis of the facial action units (AUs) and expressions is presented. Our system has the following characteristics: 1)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2010-04-06 Mahmoud Khademi , Mohammad Hadi Kiapour , Mohammad T. Manzuri-Shalmani , Ali A. Kiaei

This paper proposes a supervised learning approach to jointly perform facial Action Unit (AU) localisation and intensity estimation. Contrary to previous works that try to learn an unsupervised representation of the Action Unit regions, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-23 Enrique Sanchez-Lozano , Georgios Tzimiropoulos , Michel Valstar

Facial Action Units (AUs) represent a set of facial muscular activities and various combinations of AUs can represent a wide range of emotions. AU recognition is often used in many applications, including marketing, healthcare, education,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-09 Junya Saito , Xiaoyu Mi , Akiyoshi Uchida , Sachihiro Youoku , Takahisa Yamamoto , Kentaro Murase , Osafumi Nakayama

The automatic intensity estimation of facial action units (AUs) from a single image plays a vital role in facial analysis systems. One big challenge for data-driven AU intensity estimation is the lack of sufficient AU label data. Due to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Xinhui Song , Tianyang Shi , Tianjia Shao , Yi Yuan , Zunlei Feng , Changjie Fan

Explainable AI (XAI) in medical histopathology is essential for enhancing the interpretability and clinical trustworthiness of deep learning models in cancer diagnosis. However, the black-box nature of these models often limits their…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-06 Raktim Kumar Mondol , Ewan K. A. Millar , Peter H. Graham , Lois Browne , Arcot Sowmya , Erik Meijering

Understanding human affect from facial behavior requires not only accurate recognition but also structured reasoning over the latent dependencies that drive muscle activations and their expressive outcomes. Although Action Units (AUs) have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Guanyu Hu , Tangzheng Lian , Dimitrios Kollias , Oya Celiktutan , Xinyu Yang

This paper describes an approach to the facial action unit (AU) detection. In this work, we present our submission to the Field Affective Behavior Analysis (ABAW) 2021 competition. The proposed method uses the pre-trained JAA model as the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Chenggong Zhang , Juan Song , Qingyang Zhang , Weilong Dong , Ruomeng Ding , Zhilei Liu

Pain is a multifaceted phenomenon that affects a substantial portion of the population. Reliable and consistent evaluation supports individuals experiencing pain and enables the development of effective and advanced management strategies.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Stefanos Gkikas , Ioannis Kyprakis , Manolis Tsiknakis

This study addresses the challenge of predicting post-stroke rigidity by emphasizing feature interactions through graph-based explainable AI. Post-stroke rigidity, characterized by increased muscle tone and stiffness, significantly affects…

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