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Keyword Spotting (KWS) plays a vital role in human-computer interaction for smart on-device terminals and service robots. It remains challenging to achieve the trade-off between small footprint and high accuracy for KWS task. In this paper,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-21 Ximin Li , Xiaodong Wei , Xiaowei Qin

Keyword spotting (KWS) plays an essential role in enabling speech-based user interaction on smart devices, and conventional KWS (C-KWS) approaches have concentrated on detecting user-agnostic pre-defined keywords. However, in practice, most…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Seunghan Yang , Byeonggeun Kim , Inseop Chung , Simyung Chang

Open-vocabulary keyword spotting (KWS) refers to the task of detecting words or terms within speech recordings, regardless of whether they were included in the training data. This paper introduces an open-vocabulary keyword spotting model…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-08 Yael Segal-Feldman , Ann R. Bradlow , Matthew Goldrick , Joseph Keshet

Keyword spotting (KWS) provides a critical user interface for many mobile and edge applications, including phones, wearables, and cars. As KWS systems are typically 'always on', maximizing both accuracy and power efficiency are central to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-11 Peter Blouw , Gurshaant Malik , Benjamin Morcos , Aaron R. Voelker , Chris Eliasmith

Continuous Speech Keyword Spotting (CSKWS) is a task to detect predefined keywords in a continuous speech. In this paper, we regard CSKWS as a one-dimensional object detection task and propose a novel anchor-free detector, named AF-KWS, to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-10 Zhiyuan Zhao , Chuanxin Tang , Chengdong Yao , Chong Luo

This article presents a method for improving a keyword spotter (KWS) algorithm in noisy environments. Although beamforming (BF) and adaptive noise cancellation (ANC) techniques are robust in some conditions, they may degrade the performance…

Keyword spotting (KWS) is a core human-machine-interaction front-end task for most modern intelligent assistants. Recently, a unified (UniKW-AT) framework has been proposed that adds additional capabilities in the form of audio tagging (AT)…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Heinrich Dinkel , Yongqing Wang , Zhiyong Yan , Junbo Zhang , Yujun Wang

Conversational agents commonly utilize keyword spotting (KWS) to initiate voice interaction with the user. For user experience and privacy considerations, existing approaches to KWS largely focus on accuracy, which can often come at the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-30 Christin Jose , Joseph Wang , Grant P. Strimel , Mohammad Omar Khursheed , Yuriy Mishchenko , Brian Kulis

Keyword spotting (KWS) is experiencing an upswing due to the pervasiveness of small electronic devices that allow interaction with them via speech. Often, KWS systems are speaker-independent, which means that any person --user or not--…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Iván López-Espejo , Zheng-Hua Tan , Jesper Jensen

Keyword spotting (KWS) and speaker verification (SV) have been studied independently although it is known that acoustic and speaker domains are complementary. In this paper, we propose a multi-task network that performs KWS and SV…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-10 Myunghun Jung , Youngmoon Jung , Jahyun Goo , Hoirin Kim

Small-Footprint Keyword Spotting (SF-KWS) has gained popularity in today's landscape of smart voice-activated devices, smartphones, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This surge is attributed to the advancements in Deep Learning,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Soumen Garai , Suman Samui

As advancements in technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Speaker Verification (SV), and Text-to-Speech (TTS) lead to increased usage of intelligent voice assistants, the demand for privacy and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-20 Jianan Pan , Kejie Huang

Detecting occurrences of keywords with keyword spotting (KWS) systems requires thresholding continuous detection scores. Selecting appropriate thresholds is a non-trivial task, typically relying on optimizing performance on a validation…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Kevin Wilkinghoff , Alessia Cornaggia-Urrigshardt , Zheng-Hua Tan

Deep neural networks, such as the Deep-FSMN, have been widely studied for keyword spotting (KWS) applications while suffering expensive computation and storage. Therefore, network compression technologies like binarization are studied to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Haotong Qin , Xudong Ma , Yifu Ding , Xiaoyang Li , Yang Zhang , Zejun Ma , Jiakai Wang , Jie Luo , Xianglong Liu

This paper proposes a novel user-defined keyword spotting framework that accurately detects audio keywords based on text enrollment. Since audio data possesses additional acoustic information compared to text, there are discrepancies…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-23 Youkyum Kim , Jaemin Jung , Jihwan Park , Byeong-Yeol Kim , Joon Son Chung

A Multilingual Keyword Spotting (KWS) system detects spokenkeywords over multiple locales. Conventional monolingual KWSapproaches do not scale well to multilingual scenarios because ofhigh development/maintenance costs and lack of resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Pai Zhu , Hyun Jin Park , Alex Park , Angelo Scorza Scarpati , Ignacio Lopez Moreno

Keyword spotting (KWS) on mobile devices generally requires a small memory footprint. However, most current models still maintain a large number of parameters in order to ensure good performance. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-09-02 Shenghua Hu , Jing Wang , Yujun Wang , Lidong Yang , Wenjing Yang

Current keyword spotting systems primarily use phoneme-level matching to distinguish confusable words but ignore user-specific pronunciation traits like prosody (intonation, stress, rhythm). This paper presents ProKWS, a novel framework…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-20 Jianan Pan , Yuanming Zhang , Kejie Huang

In this paper, we propose an attention-based end-to-end neural approach for small-footprint keyword spotting (KWS), which aims to simplify the pipelines of building a production-quality KWS system. Our model consists of an encoder and an…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-03-30 Changhao Shan , Junbo Zhang , Yujun Wang , Lei Xie

User-defined keyword spotting (KWS) without resorting to domain-specific pre-labeled training data is of fundamental importance in building adaptable and personalized voice interfaces. However, such systems are still faced with arduous…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Lo-Ya Li , Tien-Hong Lo , Jeih-Weih Hung , Shih-Chieh Huang , Berlin Chen