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The main challenge in domain generalization (DG) is to handle the distribution shift problem that lies between the training and test data. Recent studies suggest that test-time training (TTT), which adapts the learned model with test data,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Liang Chen , Yong Zhang , Yibing Song , Ying Shan , Lingqiao Liu

Deep learning models have demonstrated exceptional performance across a wide range of computer vision tasks. However, their performance often degrades significantly when faced with distribution shifts, such as domain or dataset changes.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Samuel Barbeau , Pedram Fekri , David Osowiechi , Ali Bahri , Moslem Yazdanpanah , Masih Aminbeidokhti , Christian Desrosiers

Knowledge tracing is the task of modeling each student's mastery of knowledge concepts (KCs) as (s)he engages with a sequence of learning activities. Each student's knowledge is modeled by estimating the performance of the student on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Shalini Pandey , George Karypis

In Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), tracing the student's knowledge state during learning has been studied for several decades in order to provide more supportive learning instructions. In this paper, we propose a novel model for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Sein Minn , Yi Yu , Michel C. Desmarais , Feida Zhu , Jill Jenn Vie

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to estimate a learner's evolving mastery based on interaction histories. Recent studies have explored Large Language Models (LLMs) for KT via autoregressive nature, but such approaches typically require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Unggi Lee , Joo Young Kim , Ran Ju , Minyoung Jung , Jeyeon Eo

The emerging collaborative information-based knowledge tracing (KT) has been a promising way to enhance modeling of learners' knowledge states. The core idea is to extract the collaborative information from interaction sequences of other…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yuhao Jia , Duantengchuan Li , Jinsong Chen , Zhongjie Mao , Mingwen Tong , Yue Li , Xiaoguang Wang

Knowledge tracing aims to model students' past answer sequences to track the change in their knowledge acquisition during exercise activities and to predict their future learning performance. Most existing approaches ignore the fact that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Yuqi Yue , Xiaoqing Sun , Weidong Ji , Zengxiang Yin , Chenghong Sun

Knowledge Tracing (KT) monitors students' knowledge states and simulates their responses to question sequences. Existing KT models typically follow a single-step training paradigm, which leads to discrepancies with the multi-step inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Lingyue Fu , Ting Long , Jianghao Lin , Wei Xia , Xinyi Dai , Ruiming Tang , Yasheng Wang , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu

Knowledge tracing (KT) models are a crucial basis for pedagogical decision-making, namely which task to select next for a learner and when to stop teaching a particular skill. Given the high stakes of pedagogical decisions, KT models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Adia Khalid , Alina Deriyeva , Benjamin Paassen

Intelligent tutoring systems optimize the selection and timing of learning materials to enhance understanding and long-term retention. This requires estimates of both the learner's progress (''knowledge tracing''; KT), and the prerequisite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Hanqi Zhou , Robert Bamler , Charley M. Wu , Álvaro Tejero-Cantero

Knowledge Tracing (KT), tracking a human's knowledge acquisition, is a central component in online learning and AI in Education. In this paper, we present a simple, yet effective strategy to improve the generalization ability of KT models:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Seewoo Lee , Youngduck Choi , Juneyoung Park , Byungsoo Kim , Jinwoo Shin

The ICAP framework defines four cognitive engagement levels: Passive, Active, Constructive, and Interactive, where increased cognitive engagement can yield improved learning. However, personalizing learning activities that elicit the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Sutapa Dey Tithi , Nazia Alam , Tahreem Yasir , Yang Shi , Xiaoyi Tian , Min Chi , Tiffany Barnes

Knowledge tracing (KT), wherein students' problem-solving histories are used to estimate their current levels of knowledge, has attracted significant interest from researchers. However, most existing KT models were developed with an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Heeseok Jung , Jaesang Yoo , Yohaan Yoon , Yeonju Jang

Knowledge tracing is one of the key research areas for empowering personalized education. It is a task to model students' mastery level of a knowledge component (KC) based on their historical learning trajectories. In recent years, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-07 Chun-Kit Yeung , Dit-Yan Yeung

Large Language Models (LLMs) are changing the coding paradigm, known as vibe coding, yet synthesizing algorithmically sophisticated and robust code still remains a critical challenge. Incentivizing the deep reasoning capabilities of LLMs is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Chansung Park , Juyong Jiang , Fan Wang , Sayak Paul , Jiasi Shen , Jing Tang , Jianguo Li

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to the development of AI-powered tutoring systems that provide interactive support via dialogue. To enable these tutoring systems to provide personalized support, it is essential to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Shuyan Huang , Alexander Scarlatos , Jaewook Lee , Andrew Lan

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have reignited interest in their impact on Computer-based Learning (CBL). AI-driven tools like ChatGPT and Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) have enhanced learning…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Mohsen Balavar , Wenli Yang , David Herbert , Soonja Yeom

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to monitor students' evolving knowledge states through their learning interactions with concept-related questions, and can be indirectly evaluated by predicting how students will perform on future questions. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Chaoran Cui , Hebo Ma , Chen Zhang , Chunyun Zhang , Yumo Yao , Meng Chen , Yuling Ma

Knowledge Tracing (KT) infers a student's knowledge state from past interactions to predict future performance. Conventional Deep Learning (DL)-based KT models are typically tied to platform-specific identifiers and latent representations,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zhiyi Duan , Hongyu Yuan , Rui Liu

We study the problem of knowledge tracing (KT) where the goal is to trace the students' knowledge mastery over time so as to make predictions on their future performance. Owing to the good representation capacity of deep neural networks…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Xiaopeng Guo , Zhijie Huang , Jie Gao , Mingyu Shang , Maojing Shu , Jun Sun