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Large language models (LLMs) exhibit enhanced reasoning at larger scales, driving efforts to distill these capabilities into smaller models via teacher-student learning. Previous works simply fine-tune student models on teachers' generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Chengwei Dai , Kun Li , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu

Although Chain-of-Thought (CoT) has achieved remarkable success in enhancing the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs), the mechanism of CoT remains a ``black box''. Even if the correct answers can frequently be obtained,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Jiarun Fu , Lizhong Ding , Hao Li , Pengqi Li , Qiuning Wei , Xu Chen

Knowledge distillation allows smaller neural networks to emulate the performance of larger, teacher models with reduced computational demands. Traditional methods for Large Language Models (LLMs) often necessitate extensive fine-tuning,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Tyler McDonald , Ali Emami

How can we understand classification decisions made by deep neural networks? Many existing explainability methods rely solely on correlations and fail to account for confounding, which may result in potentially misleading explanations. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Yash Goyal , Amir Feder , Uri Shalit , Been Kim

Interventional causal models describe several joint distributions over some variables used to describe a system, one for each intervention setting. They provide a formal recipe for how to move between the different joint distributions and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-08-06 Eigil F. Rischel , Sebastian Weichwald

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) are a practical tool for demonstrating why machine learning classifiers make particular decisions. For CEs to be useful, it is important that they are easy for users to interpret. Existing methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Lisa Schut , Oscar Key , Rory McGrath , Luca Costabello , Bogdan Sacaleanu , Medb Corcoran , Yarin Gal

Causal reasoning is fundamental to human intelligence and crucial for effective decision-making in real-world environments. Despite recent advancements in large vision-language models (LVLMs), their ability to comprehend causality remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Meiqi Chen , Bo Peng , Yan Zhang , Chaochao Lu

In this work, we present the first systematic evaluation of catastrophic forgetting and modality inequivalence in speech large language models, showing that introducing speech capabilities can degrade knowledge and reasoning even when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Enzhi Wang , Qicheng Li , Zhiyuan Tang , Yuhang Jia

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning empowers Large Language Models (LLMs) with remarkable capabilities but typically requires prohibitive parameter scales. CoT distillation has emerged as a promising paradigm to transfer reasoning prowess into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jin Cui , Jiaqi Guo , Ruixuan Yang , Jiayi Lu , Jiepeng Zhou , Jiajun Xu , Jiangcheng Song , Boran Zhao , Pengju Ren

Recovering the structure of causal graphical models from observational data is an essential yet challenging task for causal discovery in scientific scenarios. Domain-specific causal discovery usually relies on expert validation or prior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Taiyu Ban , Lyuzhou Chen , Derui Lyu , Xiangyu Wang , Qinrui Zhu , Qiang Tu , Huanhuan Chen

Training data influence estimation methods quantify the contribution of training documents to a model's output, making them a promising source of information for example-based explanations. As humans cannot interpret thousands of documents,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Loris Schoenegger , Benjamin Roth

Deep learning methods usually require a large amount of training data and lack interpretability. In this paper, we propose a novel knowledge distillation and model interpretation framework for medical image classification that jointly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Thanh Nguyen-Duc , He Zhao , Jianfei Cai , Dinh Phung

We introduce CLEAR (Contrasting Textual Feedback with Experts and Amateurs for Reasoning), a novel approach to language model reasoning that leverages the strengths of a larger (expert) model and smaller (amateur) model. The expert and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Andrew Rufail , Daniel Kim , Sean O'Brien , Kevin Zhu

Causal learning is the cognitive process of developing the capability of making causal inferences based on available information, often guided by normative principles. This process is prone to errors and biases, such as the illusion of…

The recent trend towards utilisation of reasoning models has improved the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) across many tasks which involve logical steps. One linguistic task that could benefit from this framing is idiomaticity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Dylan Phelps , Rodrigo Wilkens , Edward Gow-Smith , Thomas Pickard , Maggie Mi , Aline Villavicencio

Causal reasoning in natural language requires identifying relevant variables, understanding their interactions, and reasoning about effects and interventions, often under noisy or ambiguous conditions. While large language models (LLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Zhi Xu , Yun Fu

Knowledge distillation from large language models (LLMs) assumes that the teacher's output distribution is a high-quality training signal. On reasoning tasks, this assumption is frequently violated. A model's intermediate representations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Ryan Brown , Chris Russell

Despite the essential need for comprehensive considerations in responsible AI, factors like robustness, fairness, and causality are often studied in isolation. Adversarial perturbation, used to identify vulnerabilities in models, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Ahmad-Reza Ehyaei , Golnoosh Farnadi , Samira Samadi

Our investigation into the Affective Reasoning in Conversation (ARC) task highlights the challenge of causal discrimination. Almost all existing models, including large language models (LLMs), excel at capturing semantic correlations within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Hang Chen , Jing Luo , Xinyu Yang , Wenjing Zhu

Reasoning distillation has emerged as an effective approach to enhance the reasoning capabilities of smaller language models. However, the impact of large-scale reasoning distillation on other critical abilities, particularly in-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yifei Wang