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Knowledge distillation from proprietary LLM APIs poses a growing threat to model providers, yet defenses against this attack remain fragmented and unevaluated. We present DistillGuard, a framework for systematically evaluating output-level…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Bo Jiang

Proprietary large language models (LLMs) embody substantial economic value and are generally exposed only as black-box APIs, yet adversaries can still exploit their outputs to extract knowledge via distillation. Existing defenses focus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Hao Fang , Tianyi Zhang , Tianqu Zhuang , Jiawei Kong , Kuofeng Gao , Bin Chen , Leqi Zheng , Shu-Tao Xia , Ke Xu

Knowledge distillation is a widely adopted technique for transferring capabilities from LLMs to smaller, more efficient student models. However, unauthorized use of knowledge distillation takes unfair advantage of the considerable effort…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Xinhang Ma , William Yeoh , Ning Zhang , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik

Despite the advanced intelligence abilities of large language models (LLMs) in various applications, they still face significant computational and storage demands. Knowledge Distillation (KD) has emerged as an effective strategy to improve…

Knowledge distillation from large language models (LLMs) assumes that the teacher's output distribution is a high-quality training signal. On reasoning tasks, this assumption is frequently violated. A model's intermediate representations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Ryan Brown , Chris Russell

The radioactive nature of Large Language Model (LLM) watermarking enables the detection of watermarks inherited by student models when trained on the outputs of watermarked teacher models, making it a promising tool for preventing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Leyi Pan , Aiwei Liu , Shiyu Huang , Yijian Lu , Xuming Hu , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Philip S. Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance across diverse tasks, but fine-tuning them typically relies on cloud-based, centralized infrastructures. This requires data owners to upload potentially sensitive data to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Asmita Mohanty , Gezheng Kang , Lei Gao , Murali Annavaram

Large Language models (LLMs) are achieving state-of-the-art performance in many different downstream tasks. However, the increasing urgency of data privacy puts pressure on practitioners to train LLMs with Differential Privacy (DP) on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-17 James Flemings , Murali Annavaram

Deep learning algorithms have been shown to perform extremely well on many classical machine learning problems. However, recent studies have shown that deep learning, like other machine learning techniques, is vulnerable to adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-03-15 Nicolas Papernot , Patrick McDaniel , Xi Wu , Somesh Jha , Ananthram Swami

Adversarial attacks pose a significant threat to the security and safety of deep neural networks being applied to modern applications. More specifically, in computer vision-based tasks, experts can use the knowledge of model architecture to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Maniratnam Mandal , Suna Gao

Knowledge distillation (KD) transfers capabilities from large language models (LLMs) to smaller students, yet it can fail unpredictably and also underpins model leakage risks. Our analysis revealed several distillation traps: tail noise,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Weixiao Zhan , Yongcheng Jing , Leszek Rutkowski , Dacheng Tao

Standard Knowledge Distillation (KD) compresses Large Language Models (LLMs) by optimizing final outputs, yet it typically treats the teacher's intermediate layer's thought process as a black box. While feature-based distillation attempts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Manish Dhakal , Uthman Jinadu , Anjila Budathoki , Rajshekhar Sunderraman , Yi Ding

Knowledge distillation (KD) has been shown to be highly effective in guiding a student model with a larger teacher model and achieving practical benefits in improving the computational and memory efficiency for large language models (LLMs).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Chen Jia

Large language models (LLMs) are trained on massive corpora that may contain sensitive information, creating privacy risks under membership inference attacks (MIAs). Knowledge distillation is widely used to compress LLMs into smaller…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ziyao Cui , Minxing Zhang , Jian Pei

Detecting unauthorized knowledge distillation from a deployed LLM API is hard because the defender controls neither the attacker's training pipeline nor the next-token logits. Existing defenses operate on the teacher's output tokens --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Guang Yang , Amir Ghasemian , Fengchen Liu , Zhong Wang , Ninareh Mehrabi , Homa Hosseinmardi

Despite the success of distillation in large language models (LLMs), most prior work applies identical loss functions to both teacher- and student-generated data. These strategies overlook the synergy between loss formulations and data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jongwoo Ko , Tianyi Chen , Sungnyun Kim , Tianyu Ding , Luming Liang , Ilya Zharkov , Se-Young Yun

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to grow in both capability and cost, transferring frontier capabilities into smaller, deployable students has become a central engineering problem, and knowledge distillation remains the dominant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Mingyang Song , Mao Zheng

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, these models are often difficult to deploy due to significant computational requirements and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Vijay Goyal , Mustafa Khan , Aprameya Tirupati , Harveer Saini , Michael Lam , Kevin Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adapted to proprietary and domain-specific corpora that contain sensitive information, creating a tension between formal privacy guarantees and efficient deployment through model compression.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Fatemeh Khadem , Sajad Mousavi , Yi Fang , Yuhong Liu

Adversarial attacks significantly threaten the robustness of deep neural networks (DNNs). Despite the multiple defensive methods employed, they are nevertheless vulnerable to poison attacks, where attackers meddle with the initial training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Bakary Badjie , José Cecílio , António Casimiro
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