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All data on the Internet are transferred by network traffic, thus accurately modeling network traffic can help improve network services quality and protect data privacy. Pretrained models for network traffic can utilize large-scale raw data…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Xuying Meng , Chungang Lin , Yequan Wang , Yujun Zhang

The escalating prevalence of encryption protocols has led to a concomitant surge in the number of malicious attacks that hide in encrypted traffic. Power grid systems, as fundamental infrastructure, are becoming prime targets for such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Peng Zhou , Yongdong Liu , Lixun Ma , Weiye Zhang , Haohan Tan , Zhenguang Liu , Butian Huang

The design and evaluation of data-driven network intrusion detection methods are currently held back by a lack of adequate data, both in terms of benign and attack traffic. Existing datasets are mostly gathered in isolated lab environments…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Henry Clausen , Robert Flood , David Aspinall

Network Traffic Classification (NTC) has become an important feature in various network management operations, e.g., Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning and security services. Machine Learning (ML) algorithms as a popular approach for NTC…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Amin Shahraki , Mahmoud Abbasi , Amir Taherkordi , Anca Delia Jurcut

To date, traffic obfuscation techniques have been widely adopted to protect network data privacy and security by obscuring the true patterns of traffic. Nevertheless, as the pre-trained models emerge, especially transformer-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Quanliang Jing , Xinxin Fan , Yanyan Liu , Jingping Bi

Current generative knowledge graph construction approaches usually fail to capture structural knowledge by simply flattening natural language into serialized texts or a specification language. However, large generative language model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Zhen Bi , Jing Chen , Yinuo Jiang , Feiyu Xiong , Wei Guo , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

With the fast growing demand on new services and applications as well as the increasing awareness of data protection, traditional centralized traffic classification approaches are facing unprecedented challenges. This paper introduces a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Chenxin Xu , Rong Xia , Yong Xiao , Yingyu Li , Guangming Shi , Kwang-cheng Chen

Network traffic, as a key media format, is crucial for ensuring security and communications in modern internet infrastructure. While existing methods offer excellent performance, they face two key bottlenecks: (1) They fail to capture…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Longgang Zhang , Xiaowei Fu , Fuxiang Huang , Lei Zhang

With the increasing prevalence of encrypted network traffic, cyber security analysts have been turning to machine learning (ML) techniques to elucidate the traffic on their networks. However, ML models can become stale as new traffic…

Supervised machine learning techniques rely on labeled data to achieve high task performance, but this requires the labels to capture some meaningful differences in the underlying data structure. For training network intrusion detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Meghan Wilkinson , Robert H Thomson

In this paper, we present a novel encrypted traffic classification model that operates directly on raw PCAP data without requiring prior assumptions about traffic type. Unlike existing methods, it is generalizable across multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Federica Bianchi , Edoardo Di Paolo , Angelo Spognardi

Monitoring network traffic to identify content, services, and applications is an active research topic in network traffic control systems. While modern firewalls provide the capability to decrypt packets, this is not appealing for privacy…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Niloofar Bayat , Weston Jackson , Derrick Liu

Internet traffic classification has become more important with rapid growth of current Internet network and online applications. There have been numerous studies on this topic which have led to many different approaches. Most of these…

Mobile Internet has profoundly reshaped modern lifestyles in various aspects. Encrypted Traffic Classification (ETC) naturally plays a crucial role in managing mobile Internet, especially with the explosive growth of mobile apps using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Xiang Li , Juncheng Guo , Qige Song , Jiang Xie , Yafei Sang , Shuyuan Zhao , Yongzheng Zhang

The wide deployment of the generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) has raised privacy concerns for both clients and servers. While cryptographic primitives can be employed for secure GPT inference to protect the privacy of both parties,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Zhengyi Li , Yue Guan , Kang Yang , Yu Feng , Ning Liu , Yu Yu , Jingwen Leng , Minyi Guo

Graph-based Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) aims to transfer the labels of a handful of labeled data to the remaining massive unlabeled data via a graph. As one of the most popular graph-based SSL approaches, the recently proposed Graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Sheng Wan , Shirui Pan , Jian Yang , Chen Gong

Pre-trained models operating directly on raw bytes have achieved promising performance in encrypted network traffic classification (NTC), but often suffer from shortcut learning-relying on spurious correlations that fail to generalize to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Chuyi Wang , Xiaohui Xie , Tongze Wang , Yong Cui

Unsupervised clustering on speakers is becoming increasingly important for its potential uses in semi-supervised learning. In reality, we are often presented with enormous amounts of unlabeled data from multi-party meetings and discussions.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-26 Fuchuan Tong , Siqi Zheng , Min Zhang , Yafeng Chen , Hongbin Suo , Qingyang Hong , Lin Li

The escalating complexity of network threats and the inherent class imbalance in traffic data present formidable challenges for modern Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). While Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) excel in modeling topological…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Tianxiang Xu , Zhichao Wen , Xinyu Zhao , Qi Hu , Yan Li , Chang Liu

Encrypted traffic classification is the task of identifying the application or service associated with encrypted network traffic. One effective approach for this task is to use deep learning methods to encode the raw traffic bytes directly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Wei Peng , Lei Cui , Wei Cai , Zhenquan Ding , Zhiyu Hao , Xiaochun Yun