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Background: Leaking sensitive information - such as API keys, tokens, and credentials - in source code remains a persistent security threat. Traditional regex and entropy-based tools often generate high false positives due to limited…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Md Nafiu Rahman , Sadif Ahmed , Zahin Wahab , S M Sohan , Rifat Shahriyar

The wide applicability and adaptability of generative large language models (LLMs) has enabled their rapid adoption. While the pre-trained models can perform many tasks, such models are often fine-tuned to improve their performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Myles Foley , Ambrish Rawat , Taesung Lee , Yufang Hou , Gabriele Picco , Giulio Zizzo

This study examines whether Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) fine-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) can approximate the performance of fully fine-tuned models in generating human-interpretable decisions and explanations for malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Stephen C. Gravereaux , Sheikh Rabiul Islam

Pre-training Large Language Models (LLMs) on web-scale datasets becomes fundamental for advancing general-purpose AI. In contrast, enhancing their predictive performance on downstream tasks typically involves adapting their knowledge…

Large language models are increasingly customized through fine-tuning and other adaptations, creating challenges in enforcing licensing terms and managing downstream impacts. Tracking model origins is crucial both for protecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Ivica Nikolic , Teodora Baluta , Prateek Saxena

Data contamination is a known threat to the reliability of model evaluation. However, it remains underexplored in code large language models (LLMs), where contamination often goes beyond exact duplication. We present TRACER, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yifeng Di , Xuliang Huang , Tianyi Zhang

Current research on LoRA primarily focuses on minimizing the number of fine-tuned parameters or optimizing its architecture. However, the necessity of all fine-tuned LoRA layers during inference remains underexplored. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Guanhua Chen , Yutong Yao , Ci-Jun Gao , Lidia S. Chao , Feng Wan , Derek F. Wong

Fine-tuning has proven to be highly effective in adapting pre-trained models to perform better on new desired tasks with minimal data samples. Among the most widely used approaches are reparameterization methods, which update a target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Aymane El Firdoussi , El Mahdi Chayti , Mohamed El Amine Seddik , Martin Jaggi

Fine-tuning on open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) with proprietary data is now a standard practice for downstream developers to obtain task-specific LLMs. Surprisingly, we reveal a new and concerning risk along with the practice: the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Zhexin Zhang , Yuhao Sun , Junxiao Yang , Shiyao Cui , Yuanchao Zhang , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

Text watermarking for large language models (LLMs) enables model owners to verify text origin and protect intellectual property. While watermarking methods for closed-source LLMs are relatively mature, extending them to open-source models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Jiaqi Xue , Yifei Zhao , Mansour Al Ghanim , Shangqian Gao , Ruimin Sun , Qian Lou , Mengxin Zheng

Fine-tuning helps large language models (LLM) recover degraded information and enhance task performance. Although Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is widely used and effective for fine-tuning, we have observed that its scaling factor can limit or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Jun Liu , Zhenglun Kong , Peiyan Dong , Changdi Yang , Xuan Shen , Pu Zhao , Hao Tang , Geng Yuan , Wei Niu , Wenbin Zhang , Xue Lin , Dong Huang , Yanzhi Wang

The extraordinary performance of large language models (LLMs) heightens the importance of detecting whether the context is generated by an AI system. More importantly, while more and more companies and institutions release their LLMs, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Linyang Li , Pengyu Wang , Ke Ren , Tianxiang Sun , Xipeng Qiu

Quantization is an indispensable technique for serving Large Language Models (LLMs) and has recently found its way into LoRA fine-tuning. In this work we focus on the scenario where quantization and LoRA fine-tuning are applied together on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Yixiao Li , Yifan Yu , Chen Liang , Pengcheng He , Nikos Karampatziakis , Weizhu Chen , Tuo Zhao

Automated test case generation from natural language requirements remains a challenging problem in software engineering due to the ambiguity of requirements and the need to produce structured, executable test artifacts. Recent advances in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Milad Moradi , Ke Yan , David Colwell , Rhona Asgari

This paper presents the results of finetuning large language models (LLMs) for the task of detecting vulnerabilities in source code. We leverage WizardCoder, a recent improvement of the state-of-the-art LLM StarCoder, and adapt it for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Alexey Shestov , Rodion Levichev , Ravil Mussabayev , Evgeny Maslov , Anton Cheshkov , Pavel Zadorozhny

Fine-tuning is the primary methodology for tailoring pre-trained large language models to specific tasks. As the model's scale and the diversity of tasks expand, parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods are of paramount importance. One of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Wenhan Xia , Chengwei Qin , Elad Hazan

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have expanded the horizons of natural language understanding and generation. Notably, the output control and alignment with the input of LLMs can be refined through instruction tuning.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Ming Li , Lichang Chen , Jiuhai Chen , Shwai He , Heng Huang , Jiuxiang Gu , Tianyi Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) often generate fluent but factually incorrect outputs, known as hallucinations, which undermine their reliability in real-world applications. While uncertainty estimation has emerged as a promising strategy for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Pei-Fu Guo , Yun-Da Tsai , Shou-De Lin

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized natural language processing, enabling unprecedented capabilities in understanding and generating human-like text. However, the computational cost and convergence times associated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Kerim Büyükakyüz

Large Language Models (LLMs) have the unique capability to understand and generate human-like text from input queries. When fine-tuned, these models show enhanced performance on domain-specific queries. OpenAI highlights the process of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Scott Barnett , Zac Brannelly , Stefanus Kurniawan , Sheng Wong
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