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A natural language interface (NLI) to databases is an interface that translates a natural language question to a structured query that is executable by database management systems (DBMS). However, an NLI that is trained in the general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Jingjing Li , Wenlu Wang , Wei-Shinn Ku , Yingtao Tian , Haixun Wang

We address the task of routing natural language queries in multi-database enterprise environments. We construct realistic benchmarks by extending existing NL-to-SQL datasets. Our study shows that routing becomes increasingly challenging…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Saikrishna Sudarshan , Tanay Kulkarni , Manasi Patwardhan , Lovekesh Vig , Ashwin Srinivasan , Tanmay Tulsidas Verlekar

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) tasks, yet most NL2SQL systems continue to rely on the autoregressive (AR) paradigm. The highly structured nature of SQL makes…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Peixian Ma , Xialie Zhuang , Jiantao Tan , Changlun Li , Ruirui Chen , Chengwei Qin

Large Language Model (LLM) techniques play an increasingly important role in Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) translation. LLMs trained by extensive corpora have strong natural language understanding and basic SQL generation abilities…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Tonghui Ren , Yuankai Fan , Zhenying He , Ren Huang , Jiaqi Dai , Can Huang , Yinan Jing , Kai Zhang , Yifan Yang , X. Sean Wang

In the burgeoning era of big data, selecting the optimal database solution has become a critical decision for organizations across every industry. Big data demands a powerful database solution. Traditionally, SQL Database, Database ruled,…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Mohamed Hassan

We present SQL Query Engine, an open-source, self-hosted service that translates natural language questions into validated PostgreSQL queries through a two-stage LLM pipeline. The first stage performs automatic schema introspection and SQL…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Muhammad Adeel Ijaz

Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) has seen significant advancements with large language models (LLMs). However, these models often depend on closed-source systems and high computational resources, posing challenges in data privacy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wenqi Pei , Hailing Xu , Hengyuan Zhao , Shizheng Hou , Han Chen , Zining Zhang , Pingyi Luo , Bingsheng He

Schema linking -- the process of aligning natural language questions with database schema elements -- is a critical yet underexplored component of Text-to-SQL systems. While recent methods have focused primarily on improving SQL generation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Md Mahadi Hasan Nahid , Davood Rafiei , Weiwei Zhang , Yong Zhang

ODIN is an innovative approach that addresses the problem of dataset constraints by integrating generative AI models. Traditional zero-shot learning methods are constrained by the training dataset. To fundamentally overcome this limitation,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-17 SP Choi , Jihun Lee , Hyeongseok Ahn , Sanghee Jung , Bumsoo Kang

Text-to-SQL parsing involves the translation of natural language queries (NLQs) into their corresponding SQL commands. A principal challenge within this domain is the formulation of SQL queries that are not only syntactically correct but…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Xiping Liu , Zhao Tan

Recent advancements in Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) emphasize stimulating the large language models (LLM) on in-context learning, achieving significant results. Nevertheless, they face challenges when dealing with verbose database information and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Zhishuai Li , Xiang Wang , Jingjing Zhao , Sun Yang , Guoqing Du , Xiaoru Hu , Bin Zhang , Yuxiao Ye , Ziyue Li , Rui Zhao , Hangyu Mao

Text-to-SQL, the task of translating natural language questions into SQL queries, plays a crucial role in enabling non-experts to interact with databases. While recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Haoyang Li , Shang Wu , Xiaokang Zhang , Xinmei Huang , Jing Zhang , Fuxin Jiang , Shuai Wang , Tieying Zhang , Jianjun Chen , Rui Shi , Hong Chen , Cuiping Li

In Ontology Based Data Access (OBDA) users pose SPARQL queries over an ontology that lies on top of relational datasources. These queries are translated on-the-fly into SQL queries by OBDA systems. Standard SPARQL-to-SQL translation…

Databases · Computer Science 2016-05-17 Dag Hovland , Davide Lanti , Martin Rezk , Guohui Xiao

Natural language interfaces for NoSQL databases are increasingly vital in the big data era, enabling users to interact with complex, unstructured data without deep technical expertise. However, most recent advancements focus on English,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Zhiqian Qin , Yuanfeng Song , Jinwei Lu , Yuanwei Song , Shuaimin Li , Chen Jason Zhang

Natural-language-initiated querying is usually framed as translation into a predetermined backend language such as SQL, Cypher, or SPARQL. That framing is appropriate when the semantic target is known in advance, but it does not cover the…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Shengqi Li , Amarnath Gupta

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have propelled research in natural language interfaces to databases. However, most state-of-the-art text-to-SQL systems still depend on complex, multi-stage pipelines. This work proposes a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Fernando Granado , Roberto Lotufo , Jayr Pereira

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in assisting users to query databases in natural language. While LLM-based techniques provide state-of-the-art results on many standard benchmarks, their performance significantly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Nina Narodytska , Shay Vargaftik

Detecting structural similarity between queries is essential for selecting examples in in-context learning models. However, assessing structural similarity based solely on the natural language expressions of queries, without considering SQL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Mohammadreza Pourreza , Davood Rafiei , Yuxi Feng , Raymond Li , Zhenan Fan , Weiwei Zhang

Natural language interfaces to tabular data must handle ambiguities inherent to queries. Instead of treating ambiguity as a deficiency, we reframe it as a feature of cooperative interaction where users are intentional about the degree to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Daniel Gomm , Cornelius Wolff , Madelon Hulsebos

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on large volumes of data excel at various natural language tasks, but they cannot handle tasks requiring knowledge that has not been trained on previously. One solution is to use a retriever that fetches…

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