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This article explores the dynamic influence of computational entities based on multi-agent systems theory (SMA) combined with large language models (LLM), which are characterized by their ability to simulate complex human interactions, as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Carlos Jose Xavier Cruz

Human communication is a complex and diverse process that not only involves multiple factors such as language, commonsense, and cultural backgrounds but also requires the participation of multimodal information, such as speech. Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Dong Zhang , Zhaowei Li , Pengyu Wang , Xin Zhang , Yaqian Zhou , Xipeng Qiu

Theory of Mind, the capacity to explain and predict behavior by inferring hidden mental states, has become the dominant paradigm for social interaction in robotics. Yet ToM rests on three assumptions that poorly capture how most social…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Malte F. Jung

Humans learn from observations and experiences to adjust their behaviours towards better performance. Interacting with such dynamic humans is challenging, as the robot needs to predict the humans accurately for safe and efficient…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Yuwen Liao , Muqing Cao , Xinhang Xu , Lihua Xie

Large language models (LLMs) have shown success in handling simple games with imperfect information and enabling multi-agent coordination, but their ability to facilitate practical collaboration against other agents in complex, imperfect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Yauwai Yim , Chunkit Chan , Tianyu Shi , Zheye Deng , Wei Fan , Tianshi Zheng , Yangqiu Song

Multi-agent systems address issues of accessibility and scalability of artificial intelligence (AI) foundation models, which are often represented by large language models. We develop a framework - the "Society of HiveMind" (SOHM) - that…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Noah Mamie , Susie Xi Rao

Theory of Mind (ToM)-the ability to reason about the mental states of oneself and others-is a cornerstone of human social intelligence. As Large Language Models (LLMs) become ubiquitous in real-world applications, validating their capacity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ruirui Chen , Weifeng Jiang , Chengwei Qin , Cheston Tan

Theory-of-Mind (ToM) is a fundamental psychological capability that allows humans to understand and interpret the mental states of others. Humans infer others' thoughts by integrating causal cues and indirect clues from broad contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Chulun Zhou , Qiujing Wang , Mo Yu , Xiaoqian Yue , Rui Lu , Jiangnan Li , Yifan Zhou , Shunchi Zhang , Jie Zhou , Wai Lam

The search for effective collaboration between humans and computer systems is one of the biggest challenges in Artificial Intelligence. One of the more effective mechanisms that humans use to coordinate with one another is theory of mind…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Ramira van der Meulen , Rineke Verbrugge , Max van Duijn

While Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) research has advanced, its efficacy in coordinating complex stakeholder interests such as travel planning remains largely unexplored. To bridge this gap, we propose MIND (Multi-agent Inference for Negotiation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Hunmin Do , Taejun Yoon , Kiyong Jung

The ability to model the mental states of others is crucial to human social intelligence, and can offer similar benefits to artificial agents with respect to the social dynamics induced in multi-agent settings. We present a method of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Ini Oguntola , Joseph Campbell , Simon Stepputtis , Katia Sycara

Theory based AI research has had a hard time recently and the aim here is to propose a model of what LLMs are actually doing when they impress us with their language skills. The model integrates three established theories of human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Peter Wallis

While recent studies explore Large Language Models' (LLMs) performance on Theory of Mind (ToM) reasoning tasks, research on ToM abilities that require more nuanced social context is limited, such as white lies. We introduce TactfulToM, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Yiwei Liu , Emma Jane Pretty , Jiahao Huang , Saku Sugawara

Traditionally, offline datasets have been used to evaluate task-oriented dialogue (TOD) models. These datasets lack context awareness, making them suboptimal benchmarks for conversational systems. In contrast, user-agents, which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Taaha Kazi , Ruiliang Lyu , Sizhe Zhou , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Gokhan Tur

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled multi-agent systems that simulate real-world interactions with near-human reasoning. While previous studies have extensively examined biases related to protected attributes such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Min Choi , Keonwoo Kim , Sungwon Chae , Sangyeob Baek

In an era where single large language models have dominated the landscape of artificial intelligence for years, multi-agent systems arise as new protagonists in conversational task-solving. While previous studies have showcased their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Jonas Becker

Metacognition--the capacity to monitor and evaluate one's own knowledge and performance--is foundational to human decision-making, learning, and communication. As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly embedded in both high-stakes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Mark Steyvers , Megan A. K. Peters

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to infer others' knowledge, intentions, and emotions, is commonly evaluated in large language models (LLMs) using end-point question answering, where performance is judged solely by the final answer to a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Adam Bawatneh , Sagar Sapkota , Amrit Singh Bedi , Santu Karmaker , Mubarak Shah

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly leveraged to empower autonomous agents to simulate human beings in various fields of behavioral research. However, evaluating their capacity to navigate complex social interactions remains a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Xinyi Mou , Jingcong Liang , Jiayu Lin , Xinnong Zhang , Xiawei Liu , Shiyue Yang , Rong Ye , Lei Chen , Haoyu Kuang , Xuanjing Huang , Zhongyu Wei

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly participate in human-AI interactions, evaluating their Theory of Mind (ToM) capabilities - particularly their ability to track dynamic mental states - becomes crucial. While existing benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yang Xiao , Jiashuo Wang , Qiancheng Xu , Changhe Song , Chunpu Xu , Yi Cheng , Wenjie Li , Pengfei Liu
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