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Knowing the effect of an intervention is critical for human decision-making, but current approaches for causal effect estimation rely on manual data collection and structuring, regardless of the causal assumptions. This increases both the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Nikita Dhawan , Leonardo Cotta , Karen Ullrich , Rahul G. Krishnan , Chris J. Maddison

Causality is essential in scientific research, enabling researchers to interpret true relationships between variables. These causal relationships are often represented by causal graphs, which are directed acyclic graphs. With the recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Ivaxi Sheth , Bahare Fatemi , Mario Fritz

Large language models (LLMs) offer the potential to automate a large number of tasks that previously have not been possible to automate, including some in science. There is considerable interest in whether LLMs can automate the process of…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-12-17 Nick Huntington-Klein , Eleanor J. Murray

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently achieved remarkable performance in long-context understanding. However, current long-context LLM benchmarks are limited by rigid context length, labor-intensive annotation, and the pressing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Haozhen Zhang , Tao Feng , Pengrui Han , Jiaxuan You

Causal graph recovery is traditionally done using statistical estimation-based methods or based on individual's knowledge about variables of interests. They often suffer from data collection biases and limitations of individuals' knowledge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Yuzhe Zhang , Yipeng Zhang , Yidong Gan , Lina Yao , Chen Wang

Causal understanding is essential for many kinds of decision-making, but causal inference from observational data has typically only been applied to structured, low-dimensional datasets. While text classifiers produce low-dimensional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-03 Zach Wood-Doughty , Ilya Shpitser , Mark Dredze

Traditional causal discovery methods often depend on strong, untestable assumptions, making them unreliable in real-world applications. In this context, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative for extracting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Federico Baldo , Simon Ferreira , Charles K. Assaad

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to automatically label and analyze educational dialogue at scale, yet current pipelines lack reliable ways to detect when models are wrong. We investigate whether reasoning generated by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Bakhtawar Ahtisham , Kirk Vanacore , Zhuqian Zhou , Jinsook Lee , Rene F. Kizilcec

New text as data techniques offer a great promise: the ability to inductively discover measures that are useful for testing social science theories of interest from large collections of text. We introduce a conceptual framework for making…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-08 Naoki Egami , Christian J. Fong , Justin Grimmer , Margaret E. Roberts , Brandon M. Stewart

Causality understanding between events is a critical natural language processing task that is helpful in many areas, including health care, business risk management and finance. On close examination, one can find a huge amount of textual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-01 Vivek Khetan , Roshni Ramnani , Mayuresh Anand , Shubhashis Sengupta , Andrew E. Fano

Are Large language models (LLMs) temporally grounded? Since LLMs cannot perceive and interact with the environment, it is impossible to answer this question directly. Instead, we provide LLMs with textual narratives and probe them with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Yifu Qiu , Zheng Zhao , Yftah Ziser , Anna Korhonen , Edoardo M. Ponti , Shay B. Cohen

Driven by vast and diverse textual data, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across numerous natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Yet, a critical question persists: does their generalization arise from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Boxiang Ma , Ru Li , Yuanlong Wang , Hongye Tan , Xiaoli Li

This study explores the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to evaluate causality in causal graphs generated by conventional statistical causal discovery methods-a task traditionally reliant on manual assessment by human subject…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Yuni Susanti , Nina Holsmoelle

As an essential component of human cognition, cause-effect relations appear frequently in text, and curating cause-effect relations from text helps in building causal networks for predictive tasks. Existing causality extraction techniques…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Jie Yang , Soyeon Caren Han , Josiah Poon

Human relevance assessment is time-consuming and cognitively intensive, limiting the scalability of Information Retrieval evaluation. This has led to growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) as proxies for human judges.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Chuting Yu , Hang Li , Guido Zuccon , Joel Mackenzie , Teerapong Leelanupab

Understanding context is key to understanding human language, an ability which Large Language Models (LLMs) have been increasingly seen to demonstrate to an impressive extent. However, though the evaluation of LLMs encompasses various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Yilun Zhu , Joel Ruben Antony Moniz , Shruti Bhargava , Jiarui Lu , Dhivya Piraviperumal , Site Li , Yuan Zhang , Hong Yu , Bo-Hsiang Tseng

Predicting highly-cited papers is a long-standing challenge due to the complex interactions of research content, scholarly communities, and temporal dynamics. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) raise the question of whether…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-21 Zhanshuo Ye , Yiming Hou , Rui Pan , Tianchen Gao , Hansheng Wang

Causal learning is the cognitive process of developing the capability of making causal inferences based on available information, often guided by normative principles. This process is prone to errors and biases, such as the illusion of…

This paper introduces a causal attribution model to enhance the interpretability of large language models (LLMs) and improve their causal reasoning abilities via precise fine-tuning. Despite LLMs' proficiency in diverse tasks, their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Hengrui Cai , Shengjie Liu , Rui Song

In causal inference, generalization capability refers to the ability to conduct causal inference methods on new data to estimate the causal-effect between unknown phenomenon, which is crucial for expanding the boundaries of knowledge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Chen Wang , Dongming Zhao , Bo Wang , Ruifang He , Yuexian Hou
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