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Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are expected to jointly interpret vision, audio, and language, yet existing video benchmarks rarely assess fine-grained reasoning about human speech. Many tasks remain visually solvable or only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Le Thien Phuc Nguyen , Zhuoran Yu , Samuel Low Yu Hang , Subin An , Jeongik Lee , Yohan Ban , SeungEun Chung , Thanh-Huy Nguyen , JuWan Maeng , Soochahn Lee , Yong Jae Lee

Receiving negative sentiment, offensive comments, or even hate speech is a constant part of the working experience of content creators (CCs) on YouTube - a growing occupational group in the platform economy. This study investigates how…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Sarah Weißmann , Aaron Philipp , Roland Verwiebe , Chiara Osorio Krauter , Nina-Sophie Fritsch , Claudia Buder

Social media cyberbullying has a detrimental effect on human life. As online social networking grows daily, the amount of hate speech also increases. Such terrible content can cause depression and actions related to suicide. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Mst Shapna Akter , Hossain Shahriar , Alfredo Cuzzocrea

Generating accurate code review comments remains a significant challenge due to the inherently diverse and non-unique nature of the task output. Large language models pretrained on both programming and natural language data tend to perform…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Md. Asif Haider , Ayesha Binte Mostofa , Sk. Sabit Bin Mosaddek , Anindya Iqbal , Toufique Ahmed

Online debates are often characterised by extreme polarisation and heated discussions among users. The presence of hate speech online is becoming increasingly problematic, making necessary the development of appropriate countermeasures. In…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Matteo Cinelli , Andraž Pelicon , Igor Mozetič , Walter Quattrociocchi , Petra Kralj Novak , Fabiana Zollo

Online harassment in the form of hate speech has been on the rise in recent years. Addressing the issue requires a combination of content moderation by people, aided by automatic detection methods. As content moderation is itself harmful to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Sheikh Muhammad Sarwar , Vanessa Murdock

A limited amount of studies investigates the role of model-agnostic adversarial behavior in toxic content classification. As toxicity classifiers predominantly rely on lexical cues, (deliberately) creative and evolving language-use can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Chris Emmery , Ákos Kádár , Grzegorz Chrupała , Walter Daelemans

The advent of social media has transformed communication, enabling individuals to share their experiences, seek support, and participate in diverse discussions. While extensive research has focused on identifying harmful content like hate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Moein Shahiki Tash , Luis Ramos , Zahra Ahani , Raul Monroy , Olga kolesnikova , Hiram Calvo , Grigori Sidorov

The increasing use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in a large variety of domains has sparked worries about how easily they can perpetuate stereotypes and contribute to the generation of biased content. With a focus on gender and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Gioele Giachino , Marco Rondina , Antonio Vetrò , Riccardo Coppola , Juan Carlos De Martin

Hateful rhetoric is plaguing online discourse, fostering extreme societal movements and possibly giving rise to real-world violence. A potential solution to this growing global problem is citizen-generated counter speech where citizens…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Joshua Garland , Keyan Ghazi-Zahedi , Jean-Gabriel Young , Laurent Hébert-Dufresne , Mirta Galesic

Language models have shown promise in various tasks but can be affected by undesired data during training, fine-tuning, or alignment. For example, if some unsafe conversations are wrongly annotated as safe ones, the model fine-tuned on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Zhaowei Zhu , Jialu Wang , Hao Cheng , Yang Liu

Detecting online sexual predatory behaviours and abusive language on social media platforms has become a critical area of research due to the growing concerns about online safety, especially for vulnerable populations such as children and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Thanh Thi Nguyen , Campbell Wilson , Janis Dalins

In recent years, bullying and aggression against users on social media have grown significantly, causing serious consequences to victims of all demographics. In particular, cyberbullying affects more than half of young social media users…

In this work, we demonstrate how existing classifiers for identifying toxic comments online fail to generalize to the diverse concerns of Internet users. We survey 17,280 participants to understand how user expectations for what constitutes…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Deepak Kumar , Patrick Gage Kelley , Sunny Consolvo , Joshua Mason , Elie Bursztein , Zakir Durumeric , Kurt Thomas , Michael Bailey

With increasing attention to online anti-social behaviors such as personal attacks and bigotry, it is critical to have an accurate accounting of how widespread anti-social behaviors are. In this paper, we empirically measure the prevalence…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Joon Sung Park , Joseph Seering , Michael S. Bernstein

Large Language Models are essential coding assistants, yet their training is predominantly English-centric. In this study, we evaluate the performance of code language models in non-English contexts, identifying challenges in their adoption…

Generative artificial intelligence tools, like ChatGPT, are an increasingly utilized resource among computational social scientists. Nevertheless, there remains space for improved understanding of the performance of ChatGPT in complex tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Breanna E. Green , Ashley L. Shea , Pengfei Zhao , Drew B. Margolin

Online social media has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its ease of access and ability to connect with others. One of social media's main draws is its anonymity, allowing users to share their thoughts and opinions without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Vigneshwaran Shankaran , Rajesh Sharma

Content moderation typically combines the efforts of human moderators and machine learning models. However, these systems often rely on data where significant disagreement occurs during moderation, reflecting the subjective nature of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Guillermo Villate-Castillo , Javier Del Ser , Borja Sanz

Pornographic content occurring in human-machine interaction dialogues can cause severe side effects for users in open-domain dialogue systems. However, research on detecting pornographic language within human-machine interaction dialogues…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Huachuan Qiu , Shuai Zhang , Hongliang He , Anqi Li , Zhenzhong Lan