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Preventing catastrophic forgetting while continually learning new tasks is an essential problem in lifelong learning. Structural regularization (SR) refers to a family of algorithms that mitigate catastrophic forgetting by penalizing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Haoran Li , Aditya Krishnan , Jingfeng Wu , Soheil Kolouri , Praveen K. Pilly , Vladimir Braverman

State space models (SSMs) are a powerful and widely-used class of probabilistic models for analysing time-series data across various fields, from econometrics to robotics. Despite their prevalence, existing software frameworks for SSMs…

Computation · Statistics 2025-05-30 Tim Hargreaves , Qing Li , Charles Knipp , Frederic Wantiez , Simon J. Godsill , Hong Ge

State-space models (SSMs) are powerful probabilistic tools for modeling time-varying systems with latent dynamics. Inference in SSMs involves the estimation of latent states and parameters. In this work, we focus on parameter inference,…

Computation · Statistics 2026-05-22 Kostas Tsampourakis , Víctor Elvira

State-Space Models (SSMs) have attracted considerable attention in Image Restoration (IR) due to their ability to scale linearly sequence length while effectively capturing long-distance dependencies. However, deploying SSMs to edge devices…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Yujie Chen , Haotong Qin , Zhang Zhang , Michelo Magno , Luca Benini , Yawei Li

Modern large language models are built on sequence modeling via next-token prediction. While the Transformer remains the dominant architecture for sequence modeling, its quadratic decoding complexity in sequence length poses a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Bo Liu , Rui Wang , Lemeng Wu , Yihao Feng , Peter Stone , Qiang Liu

This work aims to address the problem of long-term dynamic forecasting in complex environments where data are noisy and irregularly sampled. While recent studies have introduced some methods to improve prediction performance, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Yuchen Wang , Hongjue Zhao , Haohong Lin , Enze Xu , Lifang He , Huajie Shao

Continual learning aims to acquire new knowledge while retaining past information. Class-incremental learning (CIL) presents a challenging scenario where classes are introduced sequentially. For video data, the task becomes more complex…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Tieyuan Chen , Huabin Liu , Chern Hong Lim , John See , Xing Gao , Junhui Hou , Weiyao Lin

We provide the first mathematically complete derivation of the Nystr\"om method for low-rank approximation of indefinite kernels and propose an efficient method for finding an approximate eigendecomposition of such kernel matrices. Building…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-03 Dino Oglic , Thomas Gärtner

A central challenge in sequence modeling is efficiently handling tasks with extended contexts. While recent state-space models (SSMs) have made significant progress in this area, they often lack input-dependent filtering or require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Taylan Soydan , Nikola Zubić , Nico Messikommer , Siddhartha Mishra , Davide Scaramuzza

Implicit models are a general class of learning models that forgo the hierarchical layer structure typical in neural networks and instead define the internal states based on an ``equilibrium'' equation, offering competitive performance and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Alicia Y. Tsai , Juliette Decugis , Laurent El Ghaoui , Alper Atamtürk

Continual learning of deep neural networks is a key requirement for scaling them up to more complex applicative scenarios and for achieving real lifelong learning of these architectures. Previous approaches to the problem have considered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Jary Pomponi , Simone Scardapane , Vincenzo Lomonaco , Aurelio Uncini

We propose a Bayesian neural network-based continual learning algorithm using Variational Inference, aiming to overcome several drawbacks of existing methods. Specifically, in continual learning scenarios, storing network parameters at each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Sanchar Palit , Biplab Banerjee , Subhasis Chaudhuri

Continual learning enables large language models to adapt to evolving tasks without retraining from scratch, yet catastrophic forgetting remains a central obstacle. Among continual learning methods, regularization-based approaches are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Mingxu Zhang , Yuhan Li , Lujundong Li , Dazhong Shen , Hui Xiong , Ying Sun

Graph continual learning (GCL) aims to learn from a continuous sequence of graph-based tasks. Regularization methods are vital for preventing catastrophic forgetting in GCL, particularly in the challenging replay-free, class-incremental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Jie Yin , Ke Sun , Han Wu

Linear time-invariant state space models (SSM) are a classical model from engineering and statistics, that have recently been shown to be very promising in machine learning through the Structured State Space sequence model (S4). A core…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Albert Gu , Isys Johnson , Aman Timalsina , Atri Rudra , Christopher Ré

While biological intelligence grows organically as new knowledge is gathered throughout life, Artificial Neural Networks forget catastrophically whenever they face a changing training data distribution. Rehearsal-based Continual Learning…

Structured State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as alternatives to transformers. While SSMs are often regarded as effective in capturing long-sequence dependencies, we rigorously demonstrate that they are inherently limited by strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Peihao Wang , Ruisi Cai , Yuehao Wang , Jiajun Zhu , Pragya Srivastava , Zhangyang Wang , Pan Li

Regularization-based methods are beneficial to alleviate the catastrophic forgetting problem in class-incremental learning. With the absence of old task images, they often assume that old knowledge is well preserved if the classifier…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-02 Xiaomeng Xin , Yiran Zhong , Yunzhong Hou , Jinjun Wang , Liang Zheng

Recent work has revealed that state space models (SSMs), while efficient for long-sequence processing, are fundamentally limited in their ability to represent formal languages-particularly due to time-invariant and real-valued recurrence…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Arjun Karuvally , Franz Nowak , Anderson T. Keller , Carmen Amo Alonso , Terrence J. Sejnowski , Hava T. Siegelmann

In the quest for next-generation sequence modeling architectures, State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as a potent alternative to transformers, particularly for their computational efficiency and suitability for dynamical systems. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Steven Abreu , Jens E. Pedersen , Kade M. Heckel , Alessandro Pierro