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Unsupervised Anomaly detection (AD) requires building a notion of normalcy, distinguishing in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) data, using only available ID samples. Recently, large gains were made on this task for the domain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Mohamed Yousef , Marcel Ackermann , Unmesh Kurup , Tom Bishop

To deploy machine learning models in the real world, researchers have proposed many OOD detection algorithms to help models identify unknown samples during the inference phase and prevent them from making untrustworthy predictions. Unlike…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Heng Gao , Zhuolin He , Jian Pu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify test examples that do not belong to the training distribution and are thus unlikely to be predicted reliably. Despite a plethora of existing works, most of them focused only on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Reza Averly , Wei-Lun Chao

Deep neural networks have attained remarkable performance when applied to data that comes from the same distribution as that of the training set, but can significantly degrade otherwise. Therefore, detecting whether an example is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Yen-Chang Hsu , Yilin Shen , Hongxia Jin , Zsolt Kira

Deep learning has significantly advanced the field of gastrointestinal vision, enhancing disease diagnosis capabilities. One major challenge in automating diagnosis within gastrointestinal settings is the detection of abnormal cases in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Sandesh Pokhrel , Sanjay Bhandari , Eduard Vazquez , Tryphon Lambrou , Prashnna Gyawali , Binod Bhattarai

Deep Learning (DL) models tend to perform poorly when the data comes from a distribution different from the training one. In critical applications such as medical imaging, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection helps to identify such data…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-26 Daria Frolova , Anton Vasiliuk , Mikhail Belyaev , Boris Shirokikh

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for the safe deployment of deep neural networks. State-of-the-art post-hoc methods typically derive OOD scores from the output logits or penultimate feature vector obtained via global average…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Abid Hassan , Tuan Ngo , Saad Shafiq , Nenad Medvidovic

Few-shot Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection has emerged as a critical research direction in machine learning for practical deployment. Most existing Few-shot OOD detection methods suffer from insufficient generalization capability for the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Pinxuan Li , Bing Cao , Changqing Zhang , Qinghua Hu

As machine learning becomes increasingly prevalent in impactful decisions, recognizing when inference data is outside the model's expected input distribution is paramount for giving context to predictions. Out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Anish Lakkapragada , Amol Khanna , Edward Raff , Nathan Inkawhich

Out-of-distribution detection (OOD) is a crucial technique for deploying machine learning models in the real world to handle the unseen scenarios. In this paper, we first propose a simple yet effective Neural Activation Prior (NAP) for OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Weilin Wan , Weizhong Zhang , Quan Zhou , Fan Yi , Cheng Jin

Deep neural networks have shown promising results in disease detection and classification using medical image data. However, they still suffer from the challenges of handling real-world scenarios especially reliably detecting…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-03 Muhammad Zaida , Shafaqat Ali , Mohsen Ali , Sarfaraz Hussein , Asma Saadia , Waqas Sultani

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is committed to delineating the classification boundaries between in-distribution (ID) and OOD images. Recent advances in vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable OOD detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Zhixia He , Chen Zhao , Minglai Shao , Xintao Wu , Xujiang Zhao , Dong Li , Qin Tian , Linlin Yu

Despite significant advancements in out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, existing methods still struggle to maintain robustness against adversarial attacks, compromising their reliability in critical real-world applications. Previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Hossein Mirzaei , Mackenzie W. Mathis

Identifying Out-of-distribution (OOD) data is becoming increasingly critical as the real-world applications of deep learning methods expand. Post-hoc methods modify softmax scores fine-tuned on outlier data or leverage intermediate feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Saandeep Aathreya , Shaun Canavan

Deep neural networks are susceptible to generating overconfident yet erroneous predictions when presented with data beyond known concepts. This challenge underscores the importance of detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples in the open…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Yiye Chen , Yunzhi Lin , Ruinian Xu , Patricio A. Vela

In many critical Machine Learning applications, such as autonomous driving and medical image diagnosis, the detection of out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is as crucial as accurately classifying in-distribution (ID) inputs. Recently Outlier…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Lakpa D. Tamang , Mohamed Reda Bouadjenek , Richard Dazeley , Sunil Aryal

In this paper, we present a novel approach that combines deep metric learning and synthetic data generation using diffusion models for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. One popular approach for OOD detection is outlier exposure, where…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Assefa Seyoum Wahd

Detection of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) samples in real time is a crucial safety check for deployment of machine learning models in the medical field. Despite a growing number of uncertainty quantification techniques, there is a lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Karina Zadorozhny , Patrick Thoral , Paul Elbers , Giovanni Cinà

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical to AI reliability and safety, yet in many practical settings, only a limited amount of training data is available. Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs) are a promising class of model on which to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Kevin Raina , Tanya Schmah

Advancements in synthesized speech have created a growing threat of impersonation, making it crucial to develop deepfake algorithm recognition. One significant aspect is out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, which has gained notable…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-05 Renmingyue Du , Jixun Yao , Qiuqiang Kong , Yin Cao