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AI safety benchmarks are pivotal for safety in advanced AI systems; however, they have significant technical, epistemic, and sociotechnical shortcomings. We present a review of 210 safety benchmarks that maps out common challenges in safety…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Cheng Yu , Severin Engelmann , Ruoxuan Cao , Dalia Ali , Orestis Papakyriakopoulos

The range of application of artificial intelligence (AI) is vast, as is the potential for harm. Growing awareness of potential risks from AI systems has spurred action to address those risks, while eroding confidence in AI systems and the…

AI-based systems have been used widely across various industries for different decisions ranging from operational decisions to tactical and strategic ones in low- and high-stakes contexts. Gradually the weaknesses and issues of these…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Morteza Saberi

AIs are increasingly being deployed with greater autonomy and capabilities, which increases the risk that a misaligned AI may be able to cause catastrophic harm. Untrusted monitoring -- using one untrusted model to oversee another -- is one…

Risk thresholds provide a measure of the level of risk exposure that a society or individual is willing to withstand, ultimately shaping how we determine the safety of technological systems. Against the backdrop of the Cold War, the first…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Heidy Khlaaf , Sarah Myers West

This paper presents an argument that certain AI safety measures, rather than mitigating existential risk, may instead exacerbate it. Under certain key assumptions - the inevitability of AI failure, the expected correlation between an AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Herman Cappelen , Josh Dever , John Hawthorne

We present a quantitative model for tracking dangerous AI capabilities over time. Our goal is to help the policy and research community visualise how dangerous capability testing can give us an early warning about approaching AI risks. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Paolo Bova , Alessandro Di Stefano , The Anh Han

In this work, we present and analyze reported failures of artificially intelligent systems and extrapolate our analysis to future AIs. We suggest that both the frequency and the seriousness of future AI failures will steadily increase. AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-10-26 Roman V. Yampolskiy , M. S. Spellchecker

Is there a way to design powerful AI systems based on machine learning methods that would satisfy probabilistic safety guarantees? With the long-term goal of obtaining a probabilistic guarantee that would apply in every context, we consider…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yoshua Bengio , Michael K. Cohen , Nikolay Malkin , Matt MacDermott , Damiano Fornasiere , Pietro Greiner , Younesse Kaddar

As artificial intelligence (AI) assistants become more widely adopted in safety-critical domains, it becomes important to develop safeguards against potential failures or adversarial attacks. A key prerequisite to developing these…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Abed Kareem Musaffar , Anand Gokhale , Sirui Zeng , Rasta Tadayon , Xifeng Yan , Ambuj Singh , Francesco Bullo

Current frontier AI safety evaluations emphasize static benchmarks, third-party annotations, and red-teaming. In this position paper, we argue that AI safety research should focus on human-centered evaluations that measure harmful…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Michelle Vaccaro , Jaeyoon Song , Abdullah Almaatouq , Michiel A. Bakker

Advances in AI are widely understood to have implications for cybersecurity. Articles have emphasized the effect of AI on the cyber offense-defense balance, and commentators can be found arguing either that cyber will privilege attackers or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Benjamin Murphy , Twm Stone

An assurance case is a structured argument, typically produced by safety engineers, to communicate confidence that a critical or complex system, such as an aircraft, will be acceptably safe within its intended context. Assurance cases often…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Zoe Porter , Ibrahim Habli , John McDermid , Marten Kaas

Artificial intelligence (AI) is being ubiquitously adopted to automate processes in science and industry. However, due to its often intricate and opaque nature, AI has been shown to possess inherent vulnerabilities which can be maliciously…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Mathew J. Walter , Aaron Barrett , Kimberly Tam

AI safety systems face the dual-use dilemma. It is unclear whether to answer dual-use requests, since the same query could be either harmless or harmful depending on who made it and why. To make better decisions, such systems would need to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Evžen Wybitul

As machine learning systems become more powerful they also become increasingly unpredictable and opaque. Yet, finding human-understandable explanations of how they work is essential for their safe deployment. This technical report…

In today's society, where Artificial Intelligence (AI) has gained a vital role, concerns regarding user's trust have garnered significant attention. The use of AI systems in high-risk domains have often led users to either under-trust it,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Siddharth Mehrotra , Ujwal Gadiraju , Eva Bittner , Folkert van Delden , Catholijn M. Jonker , Myrthe L. Tielman

An Artificial Intelligence (AI) agent is a software entity that autonomously performs tasks or makes decisions based on pre-defined objectives and data inputs. AI agents, capable of perceiving user inputs, reasoning and planning tasks, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Zehang Deng , Yongjian Guo , Changzhou Han , Wanlun Ma , Junwu Xiong , Sheng Wen , Yang Xiang

The malicious use or malfunction of advanced general-purpose AI (GPAI) poses risks that, according to leading experts, could lead to the 'marginalisation or extinction of humanity.' To address these risks, there are an increasing number of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Rebecca Scholefield , Samuel Martin , Otto Barten

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a key technology, driving advancements across a range of applications. Its integration into modern autonomous systems requires assuring safety. However, the challenge of assuring safety in systems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Ronald Schnitzer , Lennart Kilian , Simon Roessner , Konstantinos Theodorou , Sonja Zillner