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Cryptocurrencies employ auction-esque transaction fee mechanisms (TFMs) to allocate transactions to blocks, and to determine how much fees miners can collect from transactions. Several impossibility results show that TFMs that satisfy a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Yotam Gafni , Aviv Yaish

We study a mechanism design problem in the blockchain proof-of-stake (PoS) protocol. Our main objective is to extend the transaction fee mechanism (TFM) recently proposed in Chung and Shi (SODA, p.3856-3899, 2023), so as to incorporate a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Wenpin Tang , David D. Yao

The rise of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum has driven interest in blockchain database technology, with smart contracts enabling the growth of decentralized finance (DeFi). However, research has shown that adversaries exploit…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Dakai Kang , Junchao Chen , Tien Tuan Anh Dinh , Mohammad Sadoghi

Given the low throughput of blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum, scalability - the ability to process an increasing number of transactions - has become a central focus of blockchain research. One promising approach is the parallelization…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Bahar Acilan , Andrei Constantinescu , Lioba Heimbach , Roger Wattenhofer

In this paper we show that, using only mild assumptions, previously proposed multidimensional blockchain fee markets are essentially optimal, even against worst-case adversaries. In particular, we show that the average welfare gap between…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Guillermo Angeris , Theo Diamandis , Ciamac Moallemi

A transaction fee mechanism (TFM) is an essential component of a blockchain protocol. However, a systematic evaluation of the real-world impact of TFMs is still absent. Using rich data from the Ethereum blockchain, the mempool, and…

General Economics · Economics 2025-08-11 Yulin Liu , Yuxuan Lu , Kartik Nayak , Fan Zhang , Luyao Zhang , Yinhong Zhao

In the Bitcoin system, transaction fees serve as an incentive for blockchain confirmations. In general, a transaction with a higher fee is likely to be included in the next block mined, whereas a transaction with a smaller fee or no fee may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Limeng Zhang , Rui Zhou , Qing Liu , Chengfei Liu , M. Ali Babar

Transaction fee markets are essential components of blockchain economies, as they resolve the inherent scarcity in the number of transactions that can be added to each block. In early blockchain protocols, this scarcity was resolved through…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Stefanos Leonardos , Daniël Reijsbergen , Barnabé Monnot , Georgios Piliouras

Participation in permissionless blockchains results in competition over system resources, which needs to be controlled with fees. Ethereum's current fee mechanism is implemented via a first-price auction that results in unpredictable fees…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Stefanos Leonardos , Barnabé Monnot , Daniël Reijsbergen , Stratis Skoulakis , Georgios Piliouras

EIP-1559 is a proposal to make several tightly coupled additions to Ethereum's transaction fee mechanism, including variable-size blocks and a burned base fee that rises and falls with demand. This report assesses the game-theoretic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Tim Roughgarden

We study game-theoretic models for capturing participation in blockchain systems. Permissionless blockchains can be naturally viewed as games, where a set of potentially interested users is faced with the dilemma of whether to engage with…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Pyrros Chaidos , Aggelos Kiayias , Evangelos Markakis

Blockchain networks are facing increasingly heterogeneous computational demands, and in response, protocol designers have started building specialized infrastructure to supply that demand. This paper introduces Resonance: a new kind of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Maryam Bahrani , Naveen Durvasula

This paper investigates how pricing schemes can achieve efficient allocations in blockchain systems featuring multiple transaction queues under a global capacity constraint. I model a capacity-constrained blockchain where users submit…

General Economics · Economics 2025-02-26 Abdoulaye Ndiaye

Blockchain systems often employ proof-of-work consensus protocols to validate and add transactions into hashchains. These protocols stimulate competition among miners in solving cryptopuzzles (e.g. SHA-256 hash computation in Bitcoin) in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-05-13 Venkata Sriram Siddhardh Nadendla , Lav R. Varshney

Committee-based blockchains are among the most popular alternatives of proof-of-work based blockchains, such as Bitcoin. They provide strong consistency (no fork) under classical assumptions, and avoid using energy-consuming mechanisms to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Yackolley Amoussou-Guenou , Antonella del Pozzo , Maria Potop-Butucaru , Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni

Public blockchains group submitted transactions into batches, called blocks. A natural question is how to determine which transactions are included in these batches. In this note, we show a gap between the welfare of so-called `fair'…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-09-15 Theo Diamandis , Guillermo Angeris

Miners in a blockchain system are suffering from ever-increasing storage costs, which in general have not been properly compensated by the users' transaction fees. This reduces the incentives for the miners' participation and may jeopardize…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Yunshu Liu , Zhixuan Fang , Man Hon Cheung , Wei Cai , Jianwei Huang

Modern blockchains increasingly rely on parallel execution to improve throughput. We show several industry and academic transaction fee mechanisms (TFMs) struggle to simultaneously account for execution parallelism while remaining…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Sarisht Wadhwa , Aviv Yaish , Fan Zhang , Kartik Nayak

We study the impact of the order flow auction (OFA) in the context of the proposer-builder separation (PBS) mechanism in blockchains through a game-theoretic perspective. The OFA is designed to improve user welfare by redistributing maximal…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-12-10 Ruofei Ma , Wenpin Tang , David Yao

In this paper, we present a pricing mechanism that aligns incentives of agents who exchange resources on a decentralized ledger with the goal of maximizing transaction throughput. Subdividing a blockchain ledger into shards promises to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-02 James R. Riehl , Jonathan Ward