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In this paper, we address the challenging task of multimodal mathematical reasoning by incorporating the ability of "slow thinking" into multimodal large language models (MLLMs). Our core idea is that different levels of reasoning abilities…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Kun Xiang , Zhili Liu , Zihao Jiang , Yunshuang Nie , Kaixin Cai , Yiyang Yin , Runhui Huang , Haoxiang Fan , Hanhui Li , Weiran Huang , Yihan Zeng , Yu-Jie Yuan , Jianhua Han , Lanqing Hong , Hang Xu , Xiaodan Liang

Large language models (LLMs) can achieve highly effective performance on various reasoning tasks by incorporating step-by-step chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting as demonstrations. However, the reasoning chains of demonstrations generated by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Jiashuo Sun , Yi Luo , Yeyun Gong , Chen Lin , Yelong Shen , Jian Guo , Nan Duan

Recently, with the chain of thought (CoT) prompting, large language models (LLMs), e.g., GPT-3, have shown strong reasoning ability in several natural language processing tasks such as arithmetic, commonsense, and logical reasoning.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Yixuan Weng , Minjun Zhu , Fei Xia , Bin Li , Shizhu He , Shengping Liu , Bin Sun , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning enables large language models (LLMs) to move beyond fast System-1 responses and engage in deliberative System-2 reasoning. However, this comes at the cost of significant inefficiency due to verbose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Xiaoqiang Wang , Suyuchen Wang , Yun Zhu , Bang Liu

The recent progress in large language models (LLMs), especially the invention of chain-of-thought prompting, has made it possible to automatically answer questions by stepwise reasoning. However, when faced with more complicated problems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Ning Miao , Yee Whye Teh , Tom Rainforth

Logical reasoning is a critical benchmark for evaluating the capabilities of large language models (LLMs), as it reflects their ability to derive valid conclusions from given premises. While the combination of test-time scaling with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Ramya Keerthy Thatikonda , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

Large language models have demonstrated impressive performance across a variety of reasoning tasks. However, their problem-solving ability often declines on more complex tasks due to hallucinations and the accumulation of errors within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Weili Shi , Dongliang Guo , Lehan Yang , Tianlong Wang , Hanzhang Yuan , Sheng Li

Complex multi-step reasoning tasks, such as solving mathematical problems or generating code, remain a significant hurdle for even the most advanced large language models (LLMs). Verifying LLM outputs with an Outcome Reward Model (ORM) is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Liangchen Luo , Yinxiao Liu , Rosanne Liu , Samrat Phatale , Meiqi Guo , Harsh Lara , Yunxuan Li , Lei Shu , Yun Zhu , Lei Meng , Jiao Sun , Abhinav Rastogi

The complex reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) poses a critical bottleneck for their practical applications. Test-time expansion methods such as Tree-of-Thought (ToT) and Graph-of-Thought (GoT) enhance reasoning by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Yujiao Yang , Jing Lian , Linhui Li

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have been driven by their emergent reasoning capabilities, particularly through long chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, which enables thorough exploration and deliberation. Despite these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Junnan Liu , Hongwei Liu , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

Elaborating a series of intermediate reasoning steps significantly improves the ability of large language models (LLMs) to solve complex problems, as such steps would evoke LLMs to think sequentially. However, human sarcasm understanding is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ben Yao , Yazhou Zhang , Qiuchi Li , Jing Qin

Explicit chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning substantially improves the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs), but incurs high inference cost due to lengthy autoregressive traces. Existing latent reasoning methods offer a promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Hui Xie , Jie Liu , Ziyue Qiao , Joaquin Vanschore

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success on a broad range of tasks, math reasoning remains a challenging one. One of the approaches for improving math reasoning is self-correction, which designs self-improving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Xutong Zhao , Tengyu Xu , Xuewei Wang , Zhengxing Chen , Di Jin , Liang Tan , Yen-Ting , Zishun Yu , Zhuokai Zhao , Yun He , Sinong Wang , Han Fang , Sarath Chandar , Chen Zhu

To improve the ability of the large language model (LLMs) to tackle complex reasoning problems, chain-of-thoughts (CoT) methods were proposed to guide LLMs to reason step-by-step, enabling problem solving from simple to complex.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Zhen-Yu Zhang , Siwei Han , Huaxiu Yao , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has shown promise in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by generating natural language (NL) rationales that lead to the final answer. However, it struggles with numerical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Cheryl Li , Tianyuan Xu , Yiwen Guo

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to solve complex reasoning tasks by generating intermediate reasoning steps. However, most existing approaches focus on hard token decoding, which constrains reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yige Xu , Xu Guo , Zhiwei Zeng , Chunyan Miao

Few-shot Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has demonstrated strong performance in improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). While theoretical investigations have been conducted to understand CoT, the underlying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Yingqian Cui , Pengfei He , Xianfeng Tang , Qi He , Chen Luo , Jiliang Tang , Yue Xing

Fact-checking real-world claims, particularly numerical claims, is inherently complex that require multistep reasoning and numerical reasoning for verifying diverse aspects of the claim. Although large language models (LLMs) including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Primakov Chungkham , V Venktesh , Vinay Setty , Avishek Anand

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress on mathematical tasks through Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, existing mathematical CoT datasets often suffer from Thought Leaps due to experts omitting intermediate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Haolei Xu , Yuchen Yan , Yongliang Shen , Wenqi Zhang , Guiyang Hou , Shengpei Jiang , Kaitao Song , Weiming Lu , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang

Generating accurate step-by-step reasoning is essential for Large Language Models (LLMs) to address complex problems and enhance robustness and interpretability. Despite the flux of research on developing advanced reasoning approaches,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Shibo Hao , Yi Gu , Haotian Luo , Tianyang Liu , Xiyan Shao , Xinyuan Wang , Shuhua Xie , Haodi Ma , Adithya Samavedhi , Qiyue Gao , Zhen Wang , Zhiting Hu
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