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Causal inference is crucial for understanding the true impact of interventions, policies, or actions, enabling informed decision-making and providing insights into the underlying mechanisms that shape our world. In this paper, we establish…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-26 Jingyue Huang , Changbao Wu , Leilei Zeng

Combining information from multiple samples is often needed in biomedical and economic studies, but the differences between these samples must be appropriately taken into account in the analysis of the combined data. We study estimation for…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-08-14 Heng Shu , Zhiqiang Tan

Causal inference, or counterfactual prediction, is central to decision making in healthcare, policy and social sciences. To de-bias causal estimators with high-dimensional data in observational studies, recent advances suggest the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-20 Shuxi Zeng , Serge Assaad , Chenyang Tao , Shounak Datta , Lawrence Carin , Fan Li

We study off-policy evaluation in the setting of contextual bandits, where we aim to evaluate a new policy using historical data that consists of contexts, actions and received rewards. This historical data typically does not faithfully…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Rong J. B. Zhu

We consider the estimation of average treatment effects in observational studies and propose a new framework of robust causal inference with unobserved confounders. Our approach is based on distributionally robust optimization and proceeds…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-06 Dimitris Bertsimas , Kosuke Imai , Michael Lingzhi Li

The Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon rank sum test (MWWRST) is a widely used method for comparing two treatment groups in randomized control trials, particularly when dealing with highly skewed data. However, when applied to observational study data,…

The inverse probability weighting (IPW) method is used to handle attrition in association analyses derived from cohort studies. It consists in weighting the respondents at a given follow-up by their inverse probability to participate.…

Applications · Statistics 2021-05-05 Marie-Astrid Metten , Nathalie Costet , J. -F. Viel , Guillaume Chauvet

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in statistical methods that exhibit robust performance under distribution changes between training and test data. While most of the related research focuses on point predictions with the…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-18 Alexander Henzi , Xinwei Shen , Michael Law , Peter Bühlmann

Propensity score (PS) weighting methods are often used in non-randomized studies to adjust for confounding and assess treatment effects. The most popular among them, the inverse probability weighting (IPW), assigns weights that are…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-04 Yunji Zhou , Roland A. Matsouaka , Laine Thomas

Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPW) has been well applied in causal inference to estimate population-level estimands from observational studies. For time-to-event outcomes, the failure time distribution can be estimated by…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-13 Yuhao Deng , Rui Wang

A fundamental challenge in causal inference with observational data is correct specification of a causal model. When there is model uncertainty, analysts may seek to use estimates from multiple candidate models that rely on distinct, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-03 Rohit Bhattacharya , Ina Ocelli , Ted Westling

Bias in causal comparisons has a direct correspondence with distributional imbalance of covariates between treatment groups. Weighting strategies such as inverse propensity score weighting attempt to mitigate bias by either modeling the…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-14 Jared D. Huling , Simon Mak

We discuss recently developed methods that quantify the stability and generalizability of statistical findings under distributional changes. In many practical problems, the data is not drawn i.i.d. from the target population. For example,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-05 Dominik Rothenhäusler , Peter Bühlmann

In this paper, we propose a robust method to estimate the average treatment effects in observational studies when the number of potential confounders is possibly much greater than the sample size. We first use a class of penalized…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-12-21 Yang Ning , Sida Peng , Kosuke Imai

Missing data is frequently encountered in many areas of statistics. Propensity score weighting is a popular method for handling missing data. The propensity score method employs a response propensity model, but correct specification of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-28 Hengfang Wang , Jae Kwang Kim , Jeongseop Han , Youngjo Lee

A key to causal inference with observational data is achieving balance in predictive features associated with each treatment type. Recent literature has explored representation learning to achieve this goal. In this work, we discuss the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-25 Serge Assaad , Shuxi Zeng , Chenyang Tao , Shounak Datta , Nikhil Mehta , Ricardo Henao , Fan Li , Lawrence Carin

When examining a contrast between two interventions, longitudinal causal inference studies frequently encounter positivity violations when one or both regimes are impossible to observe for some subjects. Existing weighting methods either…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-11 Alec McClean , Iván Díaz

Biases in observational data of treatments pose a major challenge to estimating expected treatment outcomes in different populations. An important technique that accounts for these biases is reweighting samples to minimize the discrepancy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-14 Michal Ozery-Flato , Pierre Thodoroff , Matan Ninio , Michal Rosen-Zvi , Tal El-Hay

In estimating the average treatment effect in observational studies, the influence of confounders should be appropriately addressed. To this end, the propensity score is widely used. If the propensity scores are known for all the subjects,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-08 Chengyao Tang , Yi Zhou , Ao Huang , Satoshi Hattori

Reweighting a distribution to minimize a distance to a target distribution is a powerful and flexible strategy for estimating a wide range of causal effects, but can be challenging in practice because optimal weights typically depend on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-16 Oscar Clivio , Avi Feller , Chris Holmes